Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway.
Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2012;29(7):1129-40. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2012.672476. Epub 2012 Apr 11.
A total of 602 samples of organically and conventionally grown barley, oats and wheat was collected at grain harvest during 2002-2004 in Norway. Organic and conventional samples were comparable pairs regarding cereal species, growing site and harvest time, and were analysed for Fusarium mould and mycotoxins. Agronomic and climatic factors explained 10-30% of the variation in Fusarium species and mycotoxins. Significantly lower Fusarium infestation and concentrations of important mycotoxins were found in the organic cereals. The mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2) constitute the main risk for human and animal health in Norwegian cereals. The impacts of various agronomic and climatic factors on DON and HT-2 as well as on their main producers F. graminearum and F. langsethiae and on total Fusarium were tested by multivariate statistics. Crop rotation with non-cereals was found to reduce all investigated characteristics significantly--mycotoxin concentrations as well as various Fusarium infestations. No use of mineral fertilisers and herbicides was also found to decrease F. graminearum, whereas lodged fields increased the occurrence of this species. No use of herbicides was also found to decrease F. langsethiae, but for this species the occurrence was lower in lodged fields. Total Fusarium infestation was decreased with no use of fungicides or mineral fertilisers, and with crop rotation, as well as by using herbicides and increased by lodged fields. Clay and to some extent silty soils seemed to reduce F. graminearum in comparison with sandy soils. Concerning climate factors, low temperature before grain harvest was found to increase DON; and high air humidity before harvest to increase HT-2. F. graminearum was negatively correlated with precipitation in July but correlated with air humidity before harvest. F. langsethiae was correlated with temperature in July. Total Fusarium increased with increasing precipitation in July. Organic cereal farmers have fewer cereal intense rotations than conventional farmers. Further, organic farmers do not apply mineral fertiliser or pesticides (fungicides, herbicides or insecticides), and have less problem with lodged fields. The study showed that these agronomic factors were related to the infestation of Fusarium species and the concentration of mycotoxins. Hence, it is reasonable to conclude that farming system (organic versus conventional) impacts Fusarium infestation, and that organic management tends to reduce Fusarium and mycotoxins. However, Fusarium infestation and mycotoxin concentrations may be influenced by a range of factors not studied here, such as local topography and more local climate, as well as cereal species and variety.
2002-2004 年，在挪威谷物收获期间，共采集了 602 份有机和传统种植的大麦、燕麦和小麦样本。有机和传统样本在谷物种类、种植地点和收获时间方面是可比较的，并且对镰刀菌霉菌和霉菌毒素进行了分析。农艺和气候因素解释了镰刀菌种类和霉菌毒素变化的 10-30%。在有机谷物中，镰刀菌侵染和重要霉菌毒素的浓度明显较低。在挪威谷物中，脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）和 HT-2 毒素（HT-2）构成了对人类和动物健康的主要风险。通过多元统计方法测试了各种农艺和气候因素对 DON 和 HT-2 以及它们的主要生产者禾谷镰刀菌和 F. langsethiae 以及总镰刀菌的影响。与非谷物作物轮作被发现显著降低了所有研究的特征——霉菌毒素浓度以及各种镰刀菌侵染。不使用矿物肥料和除草剂也被发现降低了禾谷镰刀菌的含量，而倒伏的田地则增加了该物种的发生。不使用除草剂也被发现降低了 F. langsethiae 的含量，但该物种在倒伏的田地中发生的频率较低。不使用杀菌剂或矿物肥料、轮作、使用除草剂以及增加倒伏田地都会降低总镰刀菌的侵染。与沙质土壤相比，粘土和一定程度的粉质土壤似乎降低了禾谷镰刀菌的含量。关于气候因素，收获前低温会增加 DON；收获前高空气湿度会增加 HT-2。禾谷镰刀菌与 7 月的降水呈负相关，但与收获前的空气湿度有关。F. langsethiae 与 7 月的温度有关。7 月降水增加，总镰刀菌增加。有机谷物农民的谷物密集轮作比传统农民少。此外，有机农民不使用矿物肥料或农药（杀菌剂、除草剂或杀虫剂），而且倒伏田地的问题也较少。研究表明，这些农艺因素与镰刀菌种类的侵染和霉菌毒素的浓度有关。因此，可以合理地得出结论，耕作制度（有机与传统）影响镰刀菌的侵染，而有机管理往往会降低镰刀菌和霉菌毒素。然而，镰刀菌侵染和霉菌毒素浓度可能受到许多未在此处研究的因素的影响，例如当地地形和更局部的气候，以及谷物种类和品种。
