Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17100, Türkiye.
Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25030, Türkiye.
Molecules. 2024 May 6;29(9):2161. doi: 10.3390/molecules29092161.
Bovine milk is an essential supplement due to its rich energy- and nutrient-rich qualities. Caseins constitute the vast majority of the proteins in milk. Among these, β-casein comprises around 37% of all caseins, and it is an important type of casein with several different variants. The A1 and A2 variants of β-casein are the most researched genotypes due to the changes in their composition. It is accepted that the A2 variant is ancestral, while a point mutation in the 67th amino acid created the A1 variant. The digestion derived of both A1 and A2 milk is BCM-7. Digestion of A2 milk in the human intestine also forms BCM-9 peptide molecule. The opioid-like characteristics of BCM-7 are highlighted for their potential triggering effect on several diseases. Most research has been focused on gastrointestinal-related diseases; however other metabolic and nervous system-based diseases are also potentially triggered. By manipulating the mechanisms of these diseases, BCM-7 can induce certain situations, such as conformational changes, reduction in protein activity, and the creation of undesired activity in the biological system. Furthermore, the genotype of casein can also play a role in bone health, such as altering fracture rates, and calcium contents can change the characteristics of dietary products. The context between opioid molecules and BCM-7 points to a potential triggering mechanism for the central nervous system and other metabolic diseases discussed.
牛奶是一种重要的营养补充品，因为它富含能量和营养物质。牛奶中的蛋白质主要由酪蛋白组成。其中，β-酪蛋白约占所有酪蛋白的 37%，是一种重要的酪蛋白类型，有几种不同的变体。由于组成的变化，β-酪蛋白的 A1 和 A2 变体是研究最多的基因型。人们普遍认为 A2 变体是原始的，而第 67 个氨基酸的点突变产生了 A1 变体。A1 和 A2 牛奶的消化产物都是 BCM-7。在人类肠道中，A2 牛奶的消化也会形成 BCM-9 肽分子。BCM-7 的类阿片样特征因其对几种疾病的潜在触发作用而受到关注。大多数研究都集中在胃肠道相关疾病上；然而，其他代谢和神经系统疾病也可能被触发。通过操纵这些疾病的机制，BCM-7 可以诱导某些情况，如构象变化、蛋白质活性降低以及生物系统中产生不良活性。此外，酪蛋白的基因型也可能对骨骼健康产生影响，例如改变骨折率，钙含量可以改变膳食产品的特性。阿片样物质分子和 BCM-7 之间的关系表明，中枢神经系统和其他代谢疾病存在潜在的触发机制。
