Azhar Sameena, Ahmad Imtyaz, Guzman Herrera Maria Mercedes, Tariq Nadeem, Lerner Riya
Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA.
Department of Political Science, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan.
Glob Ment Health (Camb). 2024 Apr 30;11:e60. doi: 10.1017/gmh.2024.53. eCollection 2024.
Due to their identification as third gender people, have historically been subjected to experiences of social marginalization. However, the extant literature has not fully explored the lived experiences of stigma and discrimination against khwaja sira in the Swat Valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. To address this gap, we conducted 45 interviews with khwaja sira in Mingora, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to better understand their experiences of gender-nonconformity stigma and discrimination in various social contexts, including within their families, in accessing health care, and within education and work contexts. Applying Minority Stress Theory and utilizing thematic content analysis, the present study identified three dimensions of gender-nonconformity stigma: (1) internalized stigma, namely feelings of shame and embarrassment; (2) perceived stigma, namely opinions others had of khwaja sira regarding lack of employability or engagement in sex work; and (3) enacted stigma, namely exclusion from families, in educational settings, in religious spaces, and in healthcare settings. Findings should inform future social intervention and community practice engagements with khwaja sira communities in Pakistan.
由于被认定为第三性别者，他们在历史上一直遭受社会边缘化的经历。然而，现有文献尚未充分探讨巴基斯坦开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省斯瓦特山谷地区对khwaja sira的污名化和歧视的生活经历。为了填补这一空白，我们在开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省斯瓦特的明戈拉对khwaja sira进行了45次访谈，以更好地了解他们在包括家庭内部、获得医疗保健、教育和工作环境等各种社会背景下的性别不符污名和歧视经历。本研究应用少数群体压力理论并采用主题内容分析法，确定了性别不符污名的三个维度：(1)内化污名，即羞耻和尴尬感；(2)感知污名，即他人对khwaja sira在就业能力或从事性工作方面的看法；(3)实施污名，即在家庭、教育环境、宗教场所和医疗环境中被排斥。研究结果应为未来巴基斯坦与khwaja sira社区的社会干预和社区实践提供参考。
