Tucci Massimiliano, Martini Daniela, Vinelli Valentina, Biscotti Paola, Porrini Marisa, Del Bo' Cristian, Riso Patrizia
Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy.
Curr Res Food Sci. 2024 May 7;8:100765. doi: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100765. eCollection 2024.
In 2019, the EAT-Lancet Commission introduced the Planetary Health Diet (PHD), a guide for creating 2500 kcal/day country-specific sustainable diets that promote health while reducing the environmental impact associated with food systems. The PHD was previously adapted to the Italian food context, resulting in the EAT-IT dietary pattern. However, this adaptation revealed several challenges in terms of nutritional adequacy, feasibility, and environmental impact. This study reports on strategies to improve the previous pattern and align it more closely with the Mediterranean Diet, resulting in the MED_EAT-IT pattern. The study also explores feasible strategies for adapting this pattern to different energy targets, enhancing its scalability and promoting personalized approaches. For the optimization of this pattern, a specific calculation tool was developed to introduce variation to the pattern, considering realistic and feasible serving sizes and frequency of consumption. This tool integrates a defined food ontology, food composition data, and two environmental impact metrics (Carbon and Water Footprint). To optimize nutritional adequacy, several adaptations of the amount within the different food groups were made, for instance by increasing cereals and animal source by 25.5% kcal/day and 36.2% kcal/day respectively compared to EAT-IT. The resulting 2500 kcal/die pattern meets all nutritional requirements except for vitamin D and does not hamper the possibility to limit environmental impact (Carbon Footprint increased only by 12.2% but Water Footprint decreased by 6.3%). Lower energy targets were achieved by modulating amounts of the different food groups to ensure nutritional adequacy. The strategies and tools proposed here could aid in optimizing dietary plans, evaluating their potential for environmental impact reduction, and identifying issues that could hinder their adoption. Furthermore, the analyses carried out pave the way for the potential future development of new or improved foods that may contribute to the optimization of nutritional and environmental impact of diets.
2019年，《柳叶刀-饮食与健康委员会》推出了“行星健康饮食”（PHD），这是一份指南，用于制定每日2500千卡的特定国家可持续饮食，既能促进健康，又能减少与食物系统相关的环境影响。此前，“行星健康饮食”已根据意大利的食物情况进行了调整，形成了EAT-IT饮食模式。然而，这种调整在营养充足性、可行性和环境影响方面揭示了几个挑战。本研究报告了改进先前模式并使其更符合地中海饮食的策略，从而形成了MED_EAT-IT模式。该研究还探索了将这种模式调整为不同能量目标的可行策略，提高其可扩展性并推广个性化方法。为了优化这种模式，开发了一种特定的计算工具，以引入模式变化，同时考虑实际可行的食用量和食用频率。该工具整合了定义的食物本体、食物成分数据以及两个环境影响指标（碳足迹和水足迹）。为了优化营养充足性，对不同食物组内的量进行了多次调整，例如，与EAT-IT相比，谷物和动物源性食物分别增加了25.5%千卡/天和36.2%千卡/天。由此产生的每日2500千卡模式除了维生素D外，满足了所有营养需求，并且不会妨碍限制环境影响的可能性（碳足迹仅增加了12.2%，但水足迹减少了6.3%）。通过调整不同食物组的量来实现较低的能量目标，以确保营养充足。这里提出的策略和工具有助于优化饮食计划，评估其减少环境影响的潜力，并识别可能阻碍其采用的问题。此外，所进行的分析为未来可能开发新的或改良的食物铺平了道路，这些食物可能有助于优化饮食的营养和环境影响。
