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植物抗毒素

Phytoalexins.

作者信息

Kuć J, Rush J S

出版信息

Arch Biochem Biophys. 1985 Feb 1;236(2):455-72. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(85)90648-4.

Abstract

Plants respond to infection by accumulating low-molecular-weight antimicrobial stress metabolites called phytoalexins. The phytoalexins are generally lipophilic substances that are products of a plant's secondary metabolism, and they often accumulate at infection sites to concentrations which are inhibitory to the development of fungi and bacteria. Resistance and susceptibility in plants are not determined by the presence or absence of genetic information for resistance mechanisms, including biosynthetic pathways for phytoalexin synthesis, but, rather, by the speed with which the information is expressed, the activity of the gene products, and the magnitude of the resistance response. Unlike the antibody-antigen component of the immune system in animals, low specificity is the general rule for the induction of phytoalexin accumulation and their activity against microorganisms. Annual plants can be systemically immunized against diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses by restricted infection with the pathogens, avirulent forms of pathogens, or compounds formed in immunized plants. Immunization induces plants to respond rapidly to infection with a multicomponent resistant response. The biosynthesis and accumulation of phytoalexins is one component of this resistant response. Resistance may be elicited by components in the walls and cell surfaces of fungi and bacteria and by compounds liberated from cells, their walls, or surfaces. Resistance can be enhanced or suppressed by products produced by the pathogen, the host, or by their interaction. The successful pathogen avoids recognition by the plant as nonself, suppresses the resistance response, or detoxifies its products. The actors in this play for survival on the metabolic level include the shikimate, acetate-malonate, and acetate-mevalonate pathways; glucans; oligogalacturonates; glycoproteins; lipopolysaccharides; and poly-unsaturated fatty acids. The play is directed by the genetic information of host and pathogen, and this direction is at the level of recognition and not by the presence or absence of mechanisms to contain the development of infectious agents.

摘要

植物通过积累被称为植保素的低分子量抗菌应激代谢产物来应对感染。植保素通常是亲脂性物质,是植物次生代谢的产物,它们常常在感染部位积累到对真菌和细菌生长具有抑制作用的浓度。植物的抗性和易感性并非由抗性机制(包括植保素合成的生物合成途径)的遗传信息的有无来决定,而是由该信息表达的速度、基因产物的活性以及抗性反应的强度来决定。与动物免疫系统中的抗体 - 抗原成分不同,植保素积累的诱导及其对微生物的活性通常具有低特异性。一年生植物可以通过用病原体、无毒形式的病原体或免疫植物中形成的化合物进行有限感染,从而对由真菌、细菌和病毒引起的疾病进行系统免疫。免疫诱导植物对感染迅速做出多组分抗性反应。植保素的生物合成和积累是这种抗性反应的一个组成部分。抗性可能由真菌和细菌细胞壁及细胞表面的成分以及从细胞、其细胞壁或表面释放的化合物引发。病原体、宿主产生的产物或它们之间的相互作用可以增强或抑制抗性。成功的病原体避免被植物识别为非自身,抑制抗性反应或使其产物解毒。在代谢水平上这场生存之战中的参与者包括莽草酸途径、乙酸 - 丙二酸途径和乙酸 - 甲羟戊酸途径;葡聚糖;寡聚半乳糖醛酸;糖蛋白;脂多糖;以及多不饱和脂肪酸。这场战斗由宿主和病原体的遗传信息指挥,而且这种指挥是在识别层面上,而非通过是否存在控制感染因子生长的机制。

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