Nursing, Edgewood College, Madison, WI.
Department of Biology, Ohio Northern University, Ada.
J Athl Train. 2024 Nov 1;59(11):1126-1131. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-0084.24.
The best practice for cleaning wrestling mats is using a residual disinfectant with continued antibacterial action. Recently available wash-in silver additives claim to confer a residual effect to fabric.
To test the efficacy of laundering with a wash-in silver additive in reducing athletes' exposure to potentially infectious microbes on apparel.
A 4-part controlled laboratory study/parallel group comparison study. (1) To test whether fabrics in athletic clothing would be affected differently, we applied bacteria to control fabrics washed in detergent alone and test counterparts washed in detergent plus wash-in silver additive. Bacteria were applied to fabrics, extracted, plated, incubated, and counted. (2) To see if wash-in silver affected various bacteria differently, we washed cotton t-shirts with detergent alone or with detergent plus wash-in silver. We applied 4 bacterial species commonly found in the wrestling environment. Bacteria were extracted, plated, incubated, and counted. (3) To see if wash-in silver was effective in reducing bacterial contamination during practice, 32 collegiate wrestlers paired off with one wearing a test silver-treated t-shirt and their partner wearing a control shirt. Wrestler rotations exposed shirts to 2, 4, or 8 wrestlers. Identical swatches of fabric were cut from the t-shirts. Bacteria were extracted, plated, incubated, and counted. (4) We simulated prolonged/repeated bacterial exposure as occurs during tournaments by applying bacteria directly to silver-treated and untreated singlet material repeatedly over time. Test samples were taken at regular intervals to see if bacterial growth was inhibited by the presence of the silver nanoparticles. Bacteria were extracted, plated, incubated, and counted.
Laboratory and practice.
Collegiate Division III wrestling team.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Wash-in silver would be considered effective if a statistically significant reduction in bacterial count was observed at 95% confidence.
Wash-in silver reduced bacterial growth at low levels of contamination but did not significantly reduce bacterial growth at levels seen during contact sport competitions. This was true for all bacterial species and all fabrics tested.
The environmental and potential health risks in using a wash-in silver nanoparticle laundry additive in the wash cycle for clothing worn by wrestlers outweigh any potential infection control benefits to these athletes. We do not currently recommend adopting wash-in silver treatment as part of the laundering regimen for wrestling programs until further testing of alternate methods of silver impregnation into sports fabrics has been investigated.
清洁摔跤垫的最佳实践是使用具有持续抗菌作用的残留消毒剂。最近可用的洗入式银添加剂声称可为织物提供残留效果。
测试在减少运动员接触服装上潜在传染性微生物方面，用洗入式银添加剂洗涤的功效。
4 部分对照实验室研究/平行组比较研究。（1）为了测试运动服装中的织物是否会受到不同的影响，我们将细菌应用于单独用洗涤剂洗涤的对照织物和用洗涤剂加洗入式银添加剂洗涤的对照织物。将细菌应用于织物，提取，平板，孵育并计数。（2）为了查看洗入式银是否会对各种细菌产生不同的影响，我们用单独的洗涤剂或洗涤剂加洗入式银洗涤棉质 T 恤。我们应用了 4 种通常在摔跤环境中发现的细菌。提取，平板，孵育并计数细菌。（3）为了了解洗入式银是否能有效减少练习过程中的细菌污染，我们让 32 名大学生摔跤手配对，其中一人穿着试验用的银处理 T 恤，而他们的搭档则穿着对照衬衫。摔跤手的旋转使衬衫暴露于 2、4 或 8 名摔跤手。从 T 恤上剪下相同的织物样片。提取，平板，孵育并计数细菌。（4）我们通过随着时间的推移反复将细菌直接应用于经银处理和未经处理的单衣材料，模拟了长时间内反复发生的细菌暴露。定期采集测试样本，以查看银纳米颗粒的存在是否抑制了细菌的生长。提取，平板，孵育并计数细菌。
实验室和实践。
大学三年级摔跤队。
如果在 95%置信度下观察到细菌计数的统计学显着降低，则认为洗入式银是有效的。
洗入式银可降低低水平污染下的细菌生长，但在接触运动比赛中观察到的细菌生长水平上并不能显着降低细菌生长。这适用于所有细菌种类和所有测试的织物。
在洗涤周期中使用洗入式银纳米颗粒洗衣添加剂对摔跤运动员的服装进行洗涤，对环境和潜在的健康风险超过了对这些运动员进行任何潜在感染控制的益处。在进一步研究将银注入运动织物的替代方法之前，我们目前不建议将洗入式银处理作为摔跤计划洗涤方案的一部分。
