Young Linda Mull, Motz Vicki Abram, Markey Emily R, Young Suzanne C, Beaschler Ronald E
Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University, Ada.
Department of Nursing, Ohio Northern University, Ada.
J Athl Train. 2017 Feb;52(2):82-88. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-52.1.02. Epub 2017 Jan 16.
At the request of the National Wrestling Coaches Association and the head wrestling coach at our university, we conducted a study of infection transmission in collegiate wrestlers.
To examine disinfectant effectiveness and develop best-practice guidelines for minimizing the spread of skin infections via wrestling mats.
Controlled laboratory study and crossover study.
Laboratory and two 15-college wrestling invitational meets.
A total of 231 collegiate wrestlers and 8 officials.
INTERVENTION(S): In the laboratory-based part of the study, we measured the bacterial load of mats disinfected with 10% bleach, OxiTitan, Benefect, eWater, and KenClean and inoculated with Staphylococcus epidermidis (strain ATCC 12228) at a concentration of 6.5 × 10 bacteria/cm. In the empirical part of the study, we used these disinfectants during 2 invitational meets and measured mat and participant bacterial load during competition. Participants were swabbed at weigh-in and after their last bout. Mat bacterial load was monitored hourly.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): We determined total colony counts and species.
With controlled testing, we observed that products claiming to have residual activity reduced bacterial load by 63% over the course of competition compared with nonresidual agents. Only 4 of 182 participating wrestlers tested positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , which is the normal population occurrence. The predominant species on mats were skin bacteria ( Staphylococcus epidermidis ) and substantial levels of respiratory bacteria ( Streptococcus pneumoniae ), as well as several soil species and a surprisingly low incidence of fecal bacteria ( Escherichia coli ). Disinfectant effectiveness during the meets was consistent with controlled study findings. Cleaning mats with residual disinfectants reduced the average bacterial load by 76% compared with nonresidual cleaners. Using a footbath did not reduce the bacterial load compared with a bleach-cleaned mat, but using alcohol-based hand gel reduced it by 78%.
Best practices based on these data include backward mopping of the mats with a residual disinfectant pulled behind the cleaner, allowing mats to dry before walking on them, having wrestlers use hand gel before each bout, and strongly recommending that all wrestlers receive annual influenza vaccinations.
应美国国家摔跤教练协会以及我校摔跤队主教练的要求，我们对大学摔跤运动员中的感染传播情况进行了一项研究。
检验消毒剂的有效性，并制定最佳实践指南，以尽量减少通过摔跤垫传播皮肤感染。
对照实验室研究和交叉研究。
实验室和两场有15所大学参加的摔跤邀请赛。
共有231名大学摔跤运动员和8名官员。
在基于实验室的研究部分，我们测量了用10%漂白剂、OxiTitan、Benefect、电解水和KenClean消毒并接种浓度为6.5×10⁶细菌/平方厘米的表皮葡萄球菌（菌株ATCC 12228）的垫子的细菌载量。在研究的实证部分，我们在两场邀请赛中使用了这些消毒剂，并在比赛期间测量了垫子和参与者的细菌载量。在称重时和最后一场比赛后对参与者进行擦拭取样。每小时监测垫子的细菌载量。
我们确定了总菌落数和种类。
通过对照测试，我们观察到与无残留活性的消毒剂相比，声称具有残留活性的产品在比赛过程中将细菌载量降低了63%。182名参赛摔跤手中只有4人耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检测呈阳性，这在正常人群中也会出现。垫子上的主要菌种是皮肤细菌（表皮葡萄球菌）和大量的呼吸道细菌（肺炎链球菌），以及几种土壤菌种，粪便细菌（大肠杆菌）的发生率出人意料地低。比赛期间消毒剂的有效性与对照研究结果一致。与无残留清洁剂相比，用残留消毒剂向后拖地清洁垫子可使平均细菌载量降低76%。与用漂白剂清洁的垫子相比，使用洗脚盆并没有降低细菌载量，但使用含酒精的洗手液可使其降低78%。
基于这些数据的最佳实践包括用残留消毒剂在清洁器后面向后拖地清洁垫子，在人们行走之前让垫子晾干，让摔跤运动员在每场比赛前使用洗手液，并强烈建议所有摔跤运动员每年接种流感疫苗。
