Sánchez-López María Inmaculada, Lluesma-Vidal Marta, Ruiz-Zaldibar Cayetana, Tomás-Saura Inmaculada, Martínez-Fleta María Isabel, Gutiérrez-Alonso Gema, García-Garcés Laura
Department of Nursing and Phisiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciencies, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.
University of Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain.
J Clin Nurs. 2025 Mar;34(3):1045-1062. doi: 10.1111/jocn.17287. Epub 2024 Jun 14.
To determine the effect of immersive virtual reality (VR) on perceived pain and fear in children during vaccination and parental satisfaction with the procedure.
Virtual reality can reduce the perception of pain by children but only three studies have analysed its use during vaccination to date; these had small sample sizes and imperfect methodological designs.
A randomised controlled clinical trial.
One hundred and sixty participants from the Tres Forques Health Center were randomly assigned to the intervention group (IG) (n = 82) in which distraction with immersive VR was used during the vaccination, while standard distraction techniques were used for the control group (n = 80). The primary outcome was pain (Wong-Baker FACES). Secondary outcomes included (Children's Fear Scale) and parental satisfaction with the vaccination procedure. Chi-squared tests were used for qualitative variables, relationships between quantitative variables were tested with Spearman correlations, and Mann-Whitney U- or Student t-tests were employed to assess the relationship between quantitative and qualitative variables.
Compared to the controls, the children in the IG reported significantly less pain and fear, while parental satisfaction was significantly higher. Reported pain and fear did not differ according to the sex of the patient. Child age was not linked to fear but was related to pain: the younger the patient, the greater the pain they described.
Immersive VR effectively controlled pain and fear in children during vaccination and increased parent satisfaction with the vaccination process. Patient sex did not influence the level of pain and fear but age did.
Improving vaccination experiences can reduce perceived pain and fear in children and increase parent satisfaction, thereby enhancing vaccination schedule adherence and improving group immunity.
The CONSORT Statement for non-pharmacological randomised clinical trials were followed.
确定沉浸式虚拟现实（VR）对儿童接种疫苗时的疼痛感知、恐惧程度以及家长对该过程满意度的影响。
虚拟现实可以减轻儿童对疼痛的感知，但迄今为止仅有三项研究分析了其在接种疫苗过程中的应用；这些研究样本量较小且方法设计存在缺陷。
一项随机对照临床试验。
来自特雷斯福尔克斯健康中心的160名参与者被随机分配到干预组（IG）（n = 82），在接种疫苗时使用沉浸式VR进行分心干预，而对照组（n = 80）则使用标准分心技术。主要结局指标为疼痛程度（面部表情疼痛量表）。次要结局指标包括（儿童恐惧量表）以及家长对疫苗接种过程的满意度。定性变量采用卡方检验，定量变量之间的关系采用斯皮尔曼相关性检验，定量与定性变量之间的关系采用曼-惠特尼U检验或学生t检验进行评估。
与对照组相比，干预组儿童报告的疼痛和恐惧明显更少，而家长满意度则显著更高。报告的疼痛和恐惧程度在不同性别的患者中并无差异。儿童年龄与恐惧无关，但与疼痛有关：患者年龄越小，描述的疼痛越强烈。
沉浸式VR在儿童接种疫苗过程中有效控制了疼痛和恐惧，并提高了家长对疫苗接种过程的满意度。患者性别并未影响疼痛和恐惧程度，但年龄有影响。
改善疫苗接种体验可以减轻儿童的疼痛感知和恐惧，并提高家长满意度，从而增强疫苗接种计划的依从性并提高群体免疫力。
遵循非药物随机临床试验的CONSORT声明。
