Barber Kathryn E, Ding Qiang, Espil Flint M, Woods Douglas W, Specht Matthew W, Bennett Shannon M, Stiede Jordan T, Walkup John T, Ricketts Emily J, McGuire Joseph F, Peterson Alan L, Compton Scott N, Wilhelm Sabine, Scahill Lawrence, Piacentini John C
Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Department of Psychological Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University Shanghai, Shanghai, PR China.
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2024 Jul 8. doi: 10.1007/s10578-024-01733-y.
In tic disorders (TD), tic expression varies across the lifespan and as a function of contextual factors. This study explored connections between tic expression and contextual triggers across life periods in 74 adults (M = 23.2) with TDs. The Tic History and Coping Strategies form assessed retrospective self-reports of contextual antecedents, consequences, and tic severity during four life periods (middle school; 9th/10th grade; 11th/12th grade; college/work) and past month. Tics reportedly worsened during and after school in school-aged years and worsened in the evening during college/work years. Stress and anxiety were reported to consistently trigger tics across time. The impact of activities, places, and emotions did not differ across life periods. Attention-based consequences, most prevalent during middle school, were more common than escape- or avoidance-related consequences across all periods. Findings illuminate how contextual factors may influence tics across life periods and underscore the consistent impact of tic-triggering emotions and attention-related consequences.
在抽动障碍（TD）中，抽动表现会随着寿命的增长以及情境因素的变化而有所不同。本研究探讨了74名患有抽动障碍的成年人（平均年龄M = 23.2岁）在不同生命阶段中抽动表现与情境触发因素之间的联系。抽动病史与应对策略表格评估了四个生命阶段（初中；9/10年级；11/12年级；大学/工作）以及过去一个月期间，关于情境前因、后果和抽动严重程度的回顾性自我报告。据报告，在学龄期，抽动在上学期间及放学后会加重，而在大学/工作期间则在晚上加重。据报告，压力和焦虑在不同时期都会持续引发抽动。活动、场所和情绪的影响在不同生命阶段并无差异。基于注意力的后果在初中阶段最为普遍，在所有阶段都比与逃避或回避相关的后果更为常见。研究结果揭示了情境因素如何在不同生命阶段影响抽动，并强调了引发抽动的情绪和与注意力相关后果的持续影响。
