Rutter M
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1985 Sep;26(5):683-704. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1985.tb00584.x.
Family and school influences on cognitive development are reviewed in terms of the empirical research findings on (i) variations within the ordinary environment; (ii) family intervention studies; (iii) the effects of abnormal environments; (iv) extreme environmental conditions; (v) variations within the ordinary school environment; and (vi) preschool and school intervention studies. It is concluded that environmental effects on IQ are relatively modest within the normal range of environments, but that the effects of markedly disadvantageous circumstances are very substantial. Cognitive development is influenced both by direct effects on cognition and by indirect effects through alterations in self-concept, aspirations, attitudes to learning and styles of interaction with other people.
根据关于以下方面的实证研究结果，综述了家庭和学校对认知发展的影响：（i）普通环境中的差异；（ii）家庭干预研究；（iii）异常环境的影响；（iv）极端环境条件；（v）普通学校环境中的差异；以及（vi）学前和学校干预研究。得出的结论是，在正常环境范围内，环境对智商的影响相对较小，但明显不利环境的影响非常大。认知发展既受到对认知的直接影响，也受到通过自我概念、抱负、学习态度和与他人互动方式的改变而产生的间接影响。
