Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; Department of Disaster Management, Faculty of Environment, Kabul University, Jamal Mena, District 4, Kabul, Afghanistan.
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia E-mail:
Water Sci Technol. 2024 Jul;90(1):142-155. doi: 10.2166/wst.2024.202. Epub 2024 Jun 13.
Investment to reduce flood risk for social and economic wellbeing requires quantitative evidence to guide decisions. Direct and indirect flood damages at individual household and business building levels were assessed in this study using multivariate analysis with three groups of flood damage attributes, i.e., flood characteristics, socioeconomic conditions, and building types. A total of 172 and 45 respondents from residential and commercial buildings were gathered through door-to-door interviews at areas in Peninsular Malaysia that were pre-identified to have frequently flooded. Two main findings can be drawn from this study. First, flood damage is greatly contributed by high-income households and businesses, despite them being less exposed to floods than low-income earners. This supports the current use of mean economic damage in engineering-based flood intervention analysis. Second, indirect damages increase with the increase in family size, indicating the importance of strengthening preparedness and social support to those with great social responsibility. Overall, the study highlights the importance of holistic flood management accounting for both direct and indirect losses.
投资于减少洪水风险以实现社会和经济福祉需要定量证据来指导决策。本研究使用多元分析方法，评估了个人家庭和商业建筑层面的直接和间接洪水损失，该方法涉及三组洪水损失属性，即洪水特征、社会经济条件和建筑类型。通过在马来西亚半岛预先确定的经常发生洪水的地区挨家挨户进行访谈，共收集了来自住宅和商业建筑的 172 名和 45 名受访者。本研究得出了两个主要结论。首先，尽管高收入家庭和企业遭受洪水的暴露程度低于低收入者，但他们对洪水损失的贡献很大。这支持了当前在基于工程的洪水干预分析中使用平均经济损失的做法。其次，间接损失随家庭规模的增加而增加，这表明加强对那些具有重大社会责任的人的准备和社会支持非常重要。总体而言，该研究强调了综合洪水管理的重要性，既要考虑直接损失，也要考虑间接损失。
