Li Anna X, Virgüez Edgar, Dowling Jacqueline A, Wongel Alicia, Covelli Dominic, Ruggles Tyler H, Reich Natasha, Lewis Nathan S, Caldeira Ken
Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States.
Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2024 Jul 15;58(30):13251-62. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10188.
A stylized macro-scale energy model of least-cost electricity systems relying only on wind and solar generation was used to assess the value of different storage technologies, individually and combined, for the contiguous U.S. as well as for four geographically diverse U.S. load-balancing regions. For the contiguous U.S. system, at current costs, when only one storage technology was deployed, hydrogen energy storage produced the lowest system costs, due to its energy-capacity costs being the lowest of all storage technologies modeled. Additional hypothetical storage technologies were more cost-competitive than hydrogen (long-duration storage) only at very low energy-capacity costs, but they were more cost-competitive than Li-ion batteries (short-duration storage) at relatively high energy- and power-capacity costs. In all load-balancing regions investigated, the least-cost systems that included long-duration storage had sufficient energy and power capacity to also meet short-duration energy and power storage needs, so that the addition of short-duration storage as a second storage technology did not markedly reduce total system costs. Thus, in electricity systems that rely on wind and solar generation, contingent on social and geographic constraints, long-duration storage may cost-effectively provide the services that would otherwise be provided by shorter-duration storage technologies.
一个仅依赖风能和太阳能发电的低成本电力系统的程式化宏观能源模型，被用于评估不同储能技术单独以及组合使用时，对于美国本土以及四个地理上不同的美国负荷平衡区域的价值。对于美国本土系统，以当前成本计算，当仅部署一种储能技术时，氢能存储产生的系统成本最低，因为其能量容量成本是所有建模储能技术中最低的。额外的假设储能技术仅在非常低的能量容量成本下比氢能（长时储能）更具成本竞争力，但在相对较高的能量和功率容量成本下，它们比锂离子电池（短时储能）更具成本竞争力。在所有调查的负荷平衡区域中，包含长时储能的成本最低的系统具有足够的能量和功率容量，也能满足短时的能量和功率存储需求，因此，添加短时储能作为第二种储能技术并不会显著降低系统总成本。因此，在依赖风能和太阳能发电的电力系统中，根据社会和地理限制，长时储能可能以成本效益高的方式提供原本由短时储能技术提供的服务。
