Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany.
Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Goethe University Frankfurt,, Frankfurt/M., Germany.
Sci Rep. 2024 Jul 15;14(1):16309. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-67190-8.
Papaver bracteatum, known for its high thebaine content and absence of morphine, has emerged as a promising alternative to opium poppy for codeine production. In this study, our objective was to create a diverse panel representing the natural variation of this species in Iran. To achieve this, we employed genotyping-by-sequencing to obtain genome-wide distributed single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for phylogeographic analysis, population structure assessment, and evaluation of genetic diversity within P. bracteatum populations. A total of 244 P. bracteatum individuals from 13 distinct populations formed seven genetic groups, along with one highly admixed population. We observed a clear split between the populations inhabiting the Alborz Mts. in the east and Zagros Mts. in the west. In between these mountain ranges, the population of Kachal Mangan exhibited a high degree of genetic admixture between both genetic groups. At or after the end of the last glacial maximum, when climate conditions rapidly changed, all P. bracteatum populations experienced a strong demographic bottleneck reducing the already small effective population sizes further before they increased to their recent strengths. Our results suggest that the ongoing climate change together with human pressure on the species' habitats and limited seed-dispersal ability are potential factors contributing today to rising genetic isolation of P. bracteatum populations. Our results provide genetic data that can be used for conservation measures to safeguard the species' genetic diversity as a resource for future breeding approaches in this medicinally important species.
延胡索，因其高含量的蒂巴因和不含吗啡而成为罂粟生产可待因的有前途的替代品。在这项研究中，我们的目标是创建一个代表伊朗该物种自然变异的多样化面板。为此，我们采用了基于测序的基因分型，以获得用于系统地理分析、种群结构评估以及评估延胡索种群内遗传多样性的全基因组分布的单核苷酸多态性 (SNP)。总共从 13 个不同的种群中获得了 244 个延胡索个体，形成了七个遗传群体，以及一个高度混合的种群。我们观察到栖息在东部阿尔博兹山脉和西部扎格罗斯山脉的种群之间存在明显的分裂。在这些山脉之间，卡恰尔曼根种群表现出两个遗传群体之间高度的遗传混合。在上一个冰河时代末期，当气候条件迅速变化时，所有的延胡索种群都经历了强烈的人口瓶颈，在它们最近的种群规模增加之前，进一步减少了已经很小的有效种群规模。我们的研究结果表明，正在发生的气候变化以及对物种栖息地的人类压力和有限的种子扩散能力是导致今天延胡索种群遗传隔离增加的潜在因素。我们的研究结果提供了遗传数据，可用于保护措施，以保护该物种的遗传多样性，作为未来在这个具有重要药用价值的物种中进行繁殖方法的资源。
