Raymond Hernandez, PhD, OTR/L, is Research Associate, Center for Self-Report Science, Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles;
Margaret Gatz, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Clinical Research in Aging and Psychology, Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research; Professor, Department of Psychology; and Professor, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Am J Occup Ther. 2024 Sep 1;78(5). doi: 10.5014/ajot.2024.050680.
Visual-motor integration (VMI) is typically examined in children to promote handwriting, but it may also be relevant for adults' capacity for technology use.
To examine the reliability and validity of speed of completion of the box clicking test, a web-based test of VMI.
Participants in the Understanding America Study completed online surveys on a regular basis, including a very brief (less than 30 s) self-administered box clicking test. For validity testing, we examined whether box clicking speed was associated with constructs relevant to visual-perceptual skills and motor coordination, the skills underlying VMI. Test-retest reliability was examined by computation of intraclass correlation coefficients.
A total of 11,114 adults.
Measures included the completion time for the box clicking task and measures relevant to visual perception (e.g., perceptual speed) and motor coordination (e.g., self-reported functional limitation).
Results suggested that the box clicking test was a VMI task. Slower test performance was associated with lower visual-perceptual speed and a greater likelihood of reporting difficulties with dressing, a motor coordination relevant task. Box clicking tests taken within at least 2 yr of one another had moderate test-retest stability, but future studies are needed to examine test-retest reliabilities over brief (e.g., 2-wk) time intervals.
The box clicking test may serve both as a tool for research and to clinically observe whether clients have VMI difficulties that interfere with computer, smartphone, or tablet use. Plain-Language Summary: Use of devices such as smartphones and computers is increasingly becoming integral for daily functioning. Visual-motor integration (VMI) has often been addressed by occupational therapists to support handwriting of children, but it may also be important for technology use by adults. Prior literature supports the relevance of VMI to technology use, and adults with various chronic conditions have been found to have decrements in VMI. We tested the psychometric properties of a brief box clicking test of VMI that could be used to examine VMI underlying technology use among adults. Overall, results suggested that the box clicking test was a VMI task. Just as speed of gait has been used as an index of functional mobility, speed on the box clicking task seemed serviceable as an index of VMI ability. The box clicking test may also be used for clinical observation of whether VMI interferes with technology use.
视觉运动整合（VMI）通常在儿童中进行检查，以促进书写，但它也可能与成年人使用技术的能力有关。
研究基于网络的 VMI 测试-箱点击测试的完成速度的可靠性和有效性。
“理解美国研究”的参与者定期完成在线调查，其中包括一项非常简短（不到 30 秒）的自我管理的箱点击测试。为了进行有效性测试，我们研究了箱点击速度是否与视觉感知技能和运动协调相关的结构（VMI 的基础）相关。通过计算组内相关系数来检验测试-重测信度。
共有 11114 名成年人。
措施包括完成箱点击任务的时间以及与视觉感知（例如，感知速度）和运动协调（例如，自我报告的功能限制）相关的措施。
结果表明，箱点击测试是 VMI 任务。较慢的测试表现与较低的视觉感知速度和报告穿衣困难的可能性更大有关，这是与运动协调相关的任务。至少相隔 2 年进行的箱点击测试具有中等的测试重测稳定性，但需要进一步的研究来检验在较短的（例如，2 周）时间间隔内的测试重测可靠性。
箱点击测试既可以作为研究工具，也可以用于临床观察客户是否存在干扰计算机，智能手机或平板电脑使用的 VMI 困难。
智能手机和计算机等设备的使用日益成为日常生活的重要组成部分。视觉运动整合（VMI）通常由职业治疗师来支持儿童的书写，但它对于成年人使用技术也可能很重要。先前的文献支持 VMI 与技术使用的相关性，并且发现各种慢性病患者的 VMI 能力下降。我们测试了一种简短的箱点击 VMI 测试的心理测量特性，该测试可用于检查成年人的技术使用背后的 VMI。总体而言，结果表明箱点击测试是 VMI 任务。就像步态速度已被用作功能性移动性的指标一样，箱点击任务的速度似乎也可以作为 VMI 能力的指标。箱点击测试也可用于临床观察 VMI 是否干扰技术的使用。
