Sirikanyaporn Siriporn, Nankongnab Noppanun, Kongtip Pornpimol, Siri Sukhontha, Suk William Alfred, Woskie Susan Renee
Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
Public Health, Mahidol University, Amnatcharoen Campus, Amnatcharoen 37000, Thailand.
Toxics. 2024 Jun 30;12(7):477. doi: 10.3390/toxics12070477.
The aims of this study were to evaluate the exposure to permethrin and cypermethrin of young children aged between 2 and 5 years in Nakhon Pathom and Sing Buri provinces, Thailand. A questionnaire that included general demographic information, household characteristics, insecticide usage and exposure-related behavior in children was used to interview parents or family caregivers. Permethrin and cypermethrin concentrations on floor surfaces and children's hands, as well as their urinary metabolites, were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The results showed that permethrin and cypermethrin were detected in 62% and 83% of the children's hand wipe samples, with geometric mean (GM) levels of 0.02 µg and 0.04 µg, respectively. Permethrin and cypermethrin were detected in 79% and 93% of floor surface wipe samples, with GM levels of 0.90 µg/m, and 1.49 µg/m, respectively. For children's urine, the GM concentrations of cis- and trans-DCCA, 3-PBA, and total pyrethroid metabolites were 0.84, 0.31 and 1.23 nmol/g creatinine, respectively. This study found that household insecticide product usage and having a tile floor were associated with increased permethrin concentrations on the children's hands and floor surfaces. However, cypermethrin concentrations on floor surfaces were significantly higher in families using aerosol insecticide sprays and insecticide products in the living room and bedroom. The predictors of the total pyrethroid, DCCA and 3-PBA metabolites are permethrin on children's hands or floor surfaces and cypermethrin on floor surfaces.
本研究的目的是评估泰国佛统府和信武里府2至5岁幼儿对氯菊酯和氯氰菊酯的暴露情况。使用一份包含儿童一般人口统计学信息、家庭特征、杀虫剂使用情况及与暴露相关行为的问卷对父母或家庭照料者进行访谈。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析地板表面、儿童手部的氯菊酯和氯氰菊酯浓度及其尿液代谢物。结果显示，在62%的儿童手部擦拭样本中检测到氯菊酯，几何平均（GM）水平为0.02微克；在83%的样本中检测到氯氰菊酯，GM水平为0.04微克。在79%的地板表面擦拭样本中检测到氯菊酯，GM水平为0.90微克/平方米；在93%的样本中检测到氯氰菊酯，GM水平为1.49微克/平方米。对于儿童尿液，顺式和反式二氯菊酸、3-苯氧基苯甲酸和总拟除虫菊酯代谢物的GM浓度分别为0.84、0.31和1.23纳摩尔/克肌酐。本研究发现，家用杀虫剂产品的使用和铺有瓷砖的地板与儿童手部和地板表面氯菊酯浓度升高有关。然而，在客厅和卧室使用气雾剂杀虫剂喷雾和杀虫剂产品的家庭中，地板表面的氯氰菊酯浓度显著更高。总拟除虫菊酯、二氯菊酸和3-苯氧基苯甲酸代谢物的预测因素是儿童手部或地板表面的氯菊酯以及地板表面的氯氰菊酯。
