Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
Genes (Basel). 2024 Jul 16;15(7):927. doi: 10.3390/genes15070927.
Improvements in self-pollinated crops rely on crosses between different genotypes. It has been suggested that the repeated use of "the best" genotypes may lead to the restriction of the genetic diversity of the crop. In wheat, the analysis of gliadin (storage protein) polymorphism has provided evidence that genetic diversity was high and stable throughout the 20th century. Moreover, a worldwide analysis of gliadin polymorphism shows that genetic diversity is structured spatially across countries and their regions. Therefore, the analysis of gliadin genotypes in a given grain sample can provide reliable information about the origin of grains in this sample. An unexpected finding is that many registered common wheat cultivars are genetically non-uniform and composed of authentic biotypes (genotypically related lines originated from the initial cross) in spite of current crop-registration rules that include a strict demand for each new cultivar to be genetically uniform (DUS rules). In summary, the results suggest that each cultivar is the fruit of joint effects of a breeder and of a region's environmental factors. We believe this finding will not be restricted to wheat and suggest there may be a need to re-evaluate relevant rules of cultivar registration for crop species in general.
自花授粉作物的改良依赖于不同基因型之间的杂交。有人认为，反复使用“最好的”基因型可能会导致作物遗传多样性的限制。在小麦中，对醇溶蛋白（储存蛋白）多态性的分析提供了证据，表明遗传多样性在整个 20 世纪都是高且稳定的。此外，对醇溶蛋白多态性的全球分析表明，遗传多样性在国家及其地区之间具有空间结构。因此，对给定谷物样本中的醇溶蛋白基因型进行分析可以提供有关该样本中谷物起源的可靠信息。一个意想不到的发现是，尽管目前的作物注册规则（包括对每个新品种的遗传均一性的严格要求（DUS 规则）），许多已注册的普通小麦品种在遗传上是不均匀的，并且由真实的生物型（由最初的杂交产生的遗传相关系）组成。总之，这些结果表明，每个品种都是育种者和地区环境因素共同作用的结果。我们相信这一发现不会局限于小麦，并建议可能需要重新评估一般作物品种注册的相关规则。
