Efficient and stable perovskite mini-module via high-quality homogeneous perovskite crystallization and improved interconnect.

The efficiency and stability of perovskite module devices are mainly limited by the quality of scalable perovskite films and sub-cells' lateral contact. Here, firstly, we report constant low temperature substrate to regulate the growth of perovskite intermediate films to slow down the crystallization for obtaining high-quality homogeneous perovskite films in large scale size, which avoid the effect of the ambient temperature on the film quality. Secondly, a scribing step named P1.5 was added before the top function layers deposition, the diffusion barrier layer can be formed "naturally" at the interconnection interface without introducing any additional materials, which well alleviates the diffusion degradation process. As a result, our inverted perovskite devices exhibit a very small efficiency loss with area expansion comparable to other photovoltaic devices (for example, Cadmium Telluride), the perovskite module (aperture area 14.61 cm) shows a certified quasi-steady-state power conversion efficiency of 22.73%, and the module maintaining over 90% of its initial efficiency after 1000 hours of continuous operation under illumination.