Rosenkranz Richard R, Gonzalez-Alvarez Ana, Acosta Chris, Hooyman Andrew, Hidalgo Jose R, Ballesteros-Paniagua CindyRomina, Rosenkranz Sara K
Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States.
Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.
Front Nutr. 2024 Aug 7;11:1385496. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1385496. eCollection 2024.
Formula feeding is the only viable nutrition alternative for infants 0-6mos who cannot breastfeed. Among the drawbacks of formula feeding, however, is potential dilution or concentration errors in the formula during preparation that may lead to infant health issues. The present study aimed to investigate the accuracy of caregiver measurements as they prepared infant formula under multiple conditions, compared with manufacturer specifications.
A diverse sample of caregivers ( = 84) participated in this cross-over experimental study. Participants hand-scooped infant formula powder and poured water to prepare 4oz. and 7oz. feedings, using both a standardized set of infant formula products and participants' own products. Linear mixed effects models were used to estimate fixed effects of target amount (4oz. versus 7oz) and products (participant versus researcher) on mean absolute percent error (MAPE) of measurement.
Across all conditions MAPE was significantly greater for measuring powder than for water (9.0% vs. 4.4%; < 0.001) with a combined powder and water MAPE at 13.0%. Greater measurement error was associated with the odd-sized 7oz. preparation and participants' own products.
We observed considerable variability and substantial error during infant formula preparation, particularly for hand-scooping of powder, which tended toward higher values than the theoretical gold standard.
对于无法进行母乳喂养的0至6个月婴儿，配方奶喂养是唯一可行的营养替代方式。然而，配方奶喂养的缺点之一是在配制过程中可能出现配方奶稀释或浓缩错误，这可能会导致婴儿健康问题。本研究旨在调查在多种条件下照顾者配制婴儿配方奶时的测量准确性，并与制造商的规格进行比较。
84名照顾者组成的多样化样本参与了这项交叉实验研究。参与者用勺子舀取婴儿配方奶粉并倒水，以配制4盎司和7盎司的奶液，使用的既有一套标准化的婴儿配方产品，也有参与者自己的产品。线性混合效应模型用于估计目标量（4盎司与7盎司）和产品（参与者与研究人员提供的）对测量平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）的固定效应。
在所有条件下，测量奶粉的MAPE显著高于测量水的MAPE（9.0%对4.4%；P<0.001），奶粉和水的综合MAPE为13.0%。较大的测量误差与非标准尺寸的7盎司配制量以及参与者自己的产品有关。
我们观察到在婴儿配方奶配制过程中存在相当大的变异性和实质性误差，特别是在用勺子舀取奶粉时，其误差往往高于理论上的黄金标准值。
