Department of Psychology, Arizona State University.
Dev Psychol. 2024 Nov;60(11):2200-2219. doi: 10.1037/dev0001828. Epub 2024 Aug 22.
Kagan theorized biologically based temperament types that are present in infancy, stable across development, and essential for understanding individual differences. Despite evidence, temperament research remains focused on a few prominent dimensions of temperament, without adequately addressing covariance among dimensions and temperament types. Using longitudinal twin data, we took a person-centered statistical approach to identify temperament types and examined continuity and change across five developmental periods ( = 602; = 522; = 390; = 718; Nearly adolescence = 700). We then examined the genetic and environmental etiology of temperament types. Twins were boys and girls (51-53% female), primarily Hispanic/Latinx (23-30%) and non-Hispanic/Latinx White (56-63%), and from socioeconomically diverse families (28-38% near-or-below the poverty line). Using latent profile analysis, we identified three temperament types at each age characterized by negative reactivity and dysregulation, positive reactivity and strong self-regulation, and moderate reactivity and regulation. Latent transition analyses revealed considerable continuity in membership type for "negative dysregulated" beginning in infancy, log odds = 1.58 ( = .65) to 3.16 ( = .77), < .01, of remaining relative to transitioning to "typical expressive", and "positive well-regulated" beginning in early childhood, log odds = 1.41 ( = .56) to 2.25 ( = .47), < .05. Twin analyses revealed moderate heritability and a consistent role of the shared environment on positive well-regulated, with negative dysregulated and typical expressive also moderately heritable with the shared environment being important at some ages. Findings support the presence of theorized biologically based temperament types that develop rapidly in infancy and toddlerhood and provide a foundation for the study of individual differences and risk and resilience processes across the lifespan. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
卡根提出了基于生物学的气质类型理论，这些类型存在于婴儿期，在整个发展过程中保持稳定，对于理解个体差异至关重要。尽管有证据表明，气质研究仍然集中在气质的几个突出维度上，而没有充分考虑到维度之间和气质类型之间的协方差。本研究使用纵向双胞胎数据，采用以人为中心的统计方法来识别气质类型，并在五个发展时期（=602；=522；=390；=718；接近青春期=700）中研究了连续性和变化性。然后，我们检查了气质类型的遗传和环境病因。双胞胎是男孩和女孩（51-53%是女性），主要是西班牙裔/拉丁裔（23-30%）和非西班牙裔/拉丁裔白人（56-63%），来自社会经济背景多样的家庭（28-38%处于或低于贫困线）。使用潜在剖面分析，我们在每个年龄段都确定了三种气质类型，其特征是负反应性和失调、正反应性和强自我调节、以及适度反应性和调节。潜在转移分析表明，从婴儿期开始，“负失调”型的成员类型具有相当大的连续性，对数几率=1.58（=0.65）至 3.16（=0.77），<0.01，相对于过渡到“典型表达”型的比例保持相对较高，从幼儿期开始，“正调节良好”型的成员类型也具有相当大的连续性，对数几率=1.41（=0.56）至 2.25（=0.47），<0.05。双胞胎分析表明，正调节良好的气质具有中度遗传性，并且共享环境对其具有一致的作用，负失调和典型表达也具有中度遗传性，在某些年龄段，共享环境也很重要。这些发现支持了基于生物学的气质类型理论的存在，这些类型在婴儿期和幼儿期迅速发展，并为个体差异以及整个生命周期的风险和恢复力过程的研究提供了基础。
