Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.
Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park.
Dev Psychol. 2024 Aug;60(8):1524-1532. doi: 10.1037/dev0001802. Epub 2024 Jul 8.
Children with a history of behaviorally inhibited (BI) temperament face a heightened risk for anxiety disorders and often use control strategies that are less planful. Although these relations have been observed concurrently in early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence, few studies leverage longitudinal data to examine long-term prospective relations between cognitive control and anxiety. Using longitudinal data from 149 adolescents (55% female; from predominantly White middle-class families), we assessed temperament in toddlerhood and cognitive control and anxiety at 4, 12, 15, and 18 years of age. At age 4, separate measures of task switching and inhibitory control were obtained via the Dimensional Change Card Sort and Stroop tasks, respectively. At 12, 15, and 18 years of age, planful control was assessed with the AX-Continuous Performance Test, and anxiety symptoms were assessed via self-report. Growth curve models revealed that children with greater inhibitory control at age 4, regardless of BI status, experienced a sharper increase in anxiety symptoms across adolescence. Children with heightened BI during early childhood displayed lower levels of planful control at age 12, but experienced a more rapid improvement in these skills across adolescence. Children with greater task switching ability at age 4 displayed higher levels of planful control at age 12, but experienced a smaller increase in these skills across adolescence. Finally, children's growth rate for anxiety was unrelated to their growth rate for planful control. These findings reveal that early-life temperament, cognitive control, and anxiety remain interconnected across development, from toddlerhood to at least late adolescence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
儿童的行为抑制（BI）气质史面临更高的风险，焦虑障碍，往往使用控制策略，不太有计划。虽然这些关系已经在幼儿期、儿童中期和青春期同时观察到，但很少有研究利用纵向数据来检验认知控制和焦虑之间的长期前瞻性关系。利用 149 名青少年（55%为女性；来自以白人中产阶级为主的家庭）的纵向数据，我们在幼儿期评估了气质，在 4 岁、12 岁、15 岁和 18 岁时评估了认知控制和焦虑。在 4 岁时，通过维度变化卡片分类和 Stroop 任务分别获得了任务转换和抑制控制的单独测量。在 12 岁、15 岁和 18 岁时，通过 AX-连续绩效测试评估了计划性控制，通过自我报告评估了焦虑症状。增长曲线模型显示，无论 BI 状态如何，4 岁时具有更好抑制控制的儿童在整个青春期经历了更急剧的焦虑症状增加。在幼儿期表现出较高 BI 的儿童在 12 岁时表现出较低的计划性控制水平，但在整个青春期这些技能的提高速度更快。在 4 岁时具有更好任务转换能力的儿童在 12 岁时具有更高的计划性控制水平，但在整个青春期这些技能的增长幅度较小。最后，儿童焦虑的增长率与他们计划性控制的增长率无关。这些发现表明，从幼儿期到至少青春期晚期，早期气质、认知控制和焦虑在整个发展过程中仍然相互关联。（PsycInfo 数据库记录（c）2024 APA，保留所有权利）。
