Department of Pharmacy, Kurdistan Technical Institute, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
Open Vet J. 2024 Jul;14(7):1526-1537. doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i7.2. Epub 2024 Jul 31.
Free radicals (FRs), also known as reactive oxygen species (ROS), are usually established in the body when adequate oxygen depletion occurs. Oxidative stress and the establishment of FRs in the body are mainly caused by high metabolic activity, the need for rapid growth, inadequate flock management, exposure to viral and bacterial microorganisms, and adverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, FRs can also be produced during the activity of phagocytes when they depend on the action of ROS to kill the engulfed pathogen. FRs have very adverse effects on all cells, particularly the cells of the immune system. They are extremely erratic and reactive molecules that directly harm DNA, cellular proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates within cells. Antioxidants are substances that can eliminate and neutralize FRs within the body and free the body from the oxidative stress that occurs due to the accumulation of FRs. Many vitamins and minerals support the activity and effect of the immune system in fighting against microbes and cancer, which mostly depend on their antioxidant elements to diminish the negative impact of FRs in the body. Examples are vitamin C, vitamin E, superoxide dismutase, selenium, glycine, cofactors of glutathione peroxidase, manganese, essential oils, and phenolic compounds.
自由基（FRs），也称为活性氧（ROS），通常在体内氧气不足时形成。氧化应激和 FRs 在体内的建立主要是由高代谢活性、快速生长的需要、羊群管理不善、暴露于病毒和细菌微生物以及不利的环境条件引起的。此外，当吞噬细胞依赖 ROS 的作用来杀死被吞噬的病原体时，吞噬细胞的活动也会产生 FRs。FRs 对所有细胞，特别是免疫系统的细胞都有非常不利的影响。它们是非常不稳定和反应性的分子，直接损害细胞内的 DNA、细胞蛋白、脂质和碳水化合物。抗氧化剂是可以在体内消除和中和 FRs 并使身体摆脱因 FRs 积累而产生的氧化应激的物质。许多维生素和矿物质支持免疫系统对抗微生物和癌症的活动和效果，这主要依赖于它们的抗氧化元素来减少 FRs 在体内的负面影响。例如维生素 C、维生素 E、超氧化物歧化酶、硒、甘氨酸、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的辅因子、锰、精油和酚类化合物。
