Recent advances and challenges in plant viral diagnostics.

Accurate and timely diagnosis of plant viral infections plays a key role in effective disease control and maintaining agricultural productivity. Recent advances in the diagnosis of plant viruses have significantly expanded our ability to detect and monitor viral pathogens in agricultural crops. This review discusses the latest advances in diagnostic technologies, including both traditional methods and the latest innovations. Conventional methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and DNA amplification-based assays remain widely used due to their reliability and accuracy. However, diagnostics such as next-generation sequencing and CRISPR-based detection offer faster, more sensitive and specific virus detection. The review highlights the main advantages and limitations of detection systems used in plant viral diagnostics including conventional methods, biosensor technologies and advanced sequence-based techniques. In addition, it also discusses the effectiveness of commercially available diagnostic tools and challenges facing modern diagnostic techniques as well as future directions for improving informed disease management strategies. Understanding the main features of available diagnostic methodologies would enable stakeholders to choose optimal management strategies against viral threats and ensure global food security.