Valuation of Medical Innovation Handling with Uncertainty and Risk.

The purpose of this paper is to address how to handle uncertainty when performing an economic valuation of a medical innovation R&D project in orphan diseases from the perspective of the investor. We describe the specific uncertainty related to cash flows and the cost of capital for innovation in orphan diseases. The uncertainty in cash flows relates to sales, manufacturing and R&D costs, and probabilities of failure for each phase in the clinical trial program. We consider different net present values (NPVs) and higher standard deviations for orphan drugs compared to non-orphan drugs. Numerical case base examples showed the differences in trade-off by an investor for R&D projects with differences in NPV and level of uncertainty. The investor will transfer the additional uncertainty in cash flows in a higher cost of capital. An alternative approach is the application of an "acceptability curve" based on a probabilistic sensitivity analysis, which displays the cumulative probabilities at a range of different values for the NPV. Finally, we consider uncertainty in the cost of capital itself by applying the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). In this paper, we described various types of uncertainty and explored various approaches to how to handle uncertainty in the economic valuation of medical innovation in orphan diseases. The bridging of health economics with economic valuation theory in the healthcare market is to our knowledge a novel approach for the valuation of medical innovation by investors.