The Current Shortcomings and Future Possibilities of 3D Printed Electrodes.

3D printing has changed many industries and research areas, and it is poised to do the same for electrochemistry and electroanalytical sciences. The ability to easily shape electrically conductive parts in complex geometries, something very difficult to do using traditional manufacturing techniques, can now be easily accomplished at home, opening the possibility of fabricating electrodes and electrochemical cells with geometries that were once unimaginable. This ability can be a milestone in electrochemistry, allowing the fabrication of systems tailored to specific applications. Unfortunately, this is not what is seen to date, with 3D printing mostly reproducing "traditional" designs, using little of the "freedom of design" promised by the technology. We reason that these results come from too much focus on reproducing the electrochemical behavior of metallic electrodes instead of understanding how material properties impact the performance of 3D printed electrodes and working within these constraints. 3D printing will change electrochemistry and electroanalytical sciences if we understand and learn to work with its limitations.