The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
J Nanobiotechnology. 2024 Aug 31;22(1):525. doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02801-0.
The complex anatomy and biology of craniofacial bones pose difficulties in their effective and precise reconstruction. Injectable hydrogels (IHs) with water-swollen networks are emerging as a shape-adaptive alternative for noninvasively rebuilding craniofacial bones. The advent of versatile nanomaterials (NMs) customizes IHs with strengthened mechanical properties and therapeutically favorable performance, presenting excellent contenders over traditional substitutes. Structurally, NM-reinforced IHs are energy dissipative and covalently crosslinked, providing the mechanics necessary to support craniofacial structures and physiological functions. Biofunctionally, incorporating unique NMs into IH expands a plethora of biological activities, including immunomodulatory, osteogenic, angiogenic, and antibacterial effects, further favoring controllable dynamic tissue regeneration. Mechanistically, NM-engineered IHs optimize the physical traits to direct cell responses, regulate intracellular signaling pathways, and control the release of biomolecules, collectively bestowing structure-induced features and multifunctionality. By encompassing state-of-the-art advances in NM-integrated IHs, this review offers a foundation for future clinical translation of craniofacial bone reconstruction.
颅面骨的复杂解剖结构和生物学特性给其有效和精确的重建带来了困难。具有水膨胀网络的可注射水凝胶（IHs）作为一种非侵入性重建颅面骨的形状适应性替代方案正在出现。多功能纳米材料（NMs）的出现使 IHs 具有增强的机械性能和治疗上有利的性能，为传统替代品提供了极好的竞争者。在结构上，NM 增强的 IHs 具有能量耗散和共价交联的特性，为支撑颅面结构和生理功能提供了必要的力学性能。在生物功能上，将独特的 NM 纳入 IH 中可扩展出大量的生物活性，包括免疫调节、成骨、血管生成和抗菌作用，进一步有利于可控的动态组织再生。从机械角度来看，NM 设计的 IHs 优化了物理特性以指导细胞反应、调节细胞内信号通路和控制生物分子的释放，共同赋予结构诱导特性和多功能性。通过包含 NM 集成 IHs 的最新进展，本综述为颅面骨重建的未来临床转化提供了基础。
