Rev Sci Tech. 2024 Aug;43:177-188. doi: 10.20506/rst.43.3530.
Food systems comprise interconnected webs of processes that together transform inputs (land, labour, water, nutrients and genetics, to mention just a few) into outputs such as nutrition and revenue for human societies. Perfect systems do not exist; rather, global food systems operate in the presence of hazards, biotic and abiotic alike, and under the constraint of limited resources to mitigate these hazards. There are, therefore, inefficiencies in these systems, which lead to losses in terms of monetary, nutritional, health and environmental values and create additional negative externalities in the health, social and environmental spaces. Health hazards in the food system do not respect arbitrary distinctions between the crop and livestock sectors, which are highly interconnected. These linkages exist where one sector provides inputs to another or through substitution effects where supply in one sector influences demand in another. The One Health approach advocates investigating the intersectoral hazards in a highly interdisciplinary manner. This article provides a conceptual framework for integrating the methodologies developed by the Global Burden of Crop Loss and Global Burden of Animal Diseases initiatives to generate burden estimates for hazards in food systems that better account for interconnectivity and foster an improved understanding of food systems that is aligned with the interdisciplinary nature of the One Health approach. A case study related to maize and poultry sector linkages in the wider context of public and environmental health is presented.
食物系统由相互关联的过程网络组成，这些过程共同将投入（土地、劳动力、水、养分和遗传资源等）转化为人类社会的产出，如营养和收入。完美的系统并不存在；相反，全球食物系统在存在危害的情况下运作，包括生物和非生物危害，并且受到有限资源的限制，以减轻这些危害。因此，这些系统存在效率低下的问题，导致货币、营养、健康和环境价值的损失，并在健康、社会和环境领域产生额外的负面外部性。食物系统中的健康危害不尊重作物和牲畜部门之间的任意区分，这两个部门高度相互关联。这些联系存在于一个部门为另一个部门提供投入的地方，或者通过供应在一个部门影响另一个部门需求的替代效应。“同一健康”方法主张以高度跨学科的方式调查部门间的危害。本文提供了一个概念框架，用于整合全球作物损失负担和全球动物疾病负担倡议所制定的方法，以生成更好地考虑互联性的食物系统危害负担估计，并促进与“同一健康”方法的跨学科性质相一致的对食物系统的理解。本文还提出了一个与玉米和家禽部门联系有关的案例研究，该研究涉及更广泛的公共和环境卫生背景。
