Biotech Agrifood Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
Food Funct. 2024 Sep 16;15(18):8998-9023. doi: 10.1039/d4fo01705f.
Recent research has focused on the involvement of the gut microbiota in various diseases, where probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics (PPSP) exert beneficial effects through modulation of the microbiome. This systematic review aims to provide insight into the interplay among emerging mycotoxins, gut microbiota, and PPSP. The review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. In this review, unregulated yet highly recurrent mycotoxins are classified as emerging mycotoxins. The most frequently observed mycotoxins included those from the genus-enniatins ( = 11) and beauvericin ( = 11)-and the genus-alternariol monomethyl ether, altertoxin, and tentoxin ( = 10). Among probiotics, the most studied genera were , , and the yeast . Inulin and cellulose were the most found prebiotics. Data on synbiotics and postbiotics are scarce. Studies have shown that both the gut microbiota and PPSP can detoxify and mitigate the harmful effects of emerging mycotoxins. PPSP not only reduced mycotoxin bioaccessibility, but also counteracted their detrimental effects by activating health-promoting pathways such as short-chain fatty acid production, genoprotection, and reduction of oxidative stress. However, both quantitative and qualitative data remain limited, indicating a need for further and long-term studies. The formulation of PPSP as functional foods, feeds, or nutraceuticals should be considered a preventive strategy against the toxicity of emerging mycotoxins, for which, there is no established regulatory framework.
最近的研究集中在肠道微生物群在各种疾病中的作用上，益生菌、益生元、合生元和后生元（PPSP）通过调节微生物组发挥有益作用。本系统评价旨在深入了解新兴霉菌毒素、肠道微生物群和 PPSP 之间的相互作用。本综述按照系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目（PRISMA）指南进行。在本综述中，未受监管但高度反复出现的霉菌毒素被归类为新兴霉菌毒素。最常观察到的霉菌毒素包括来自 属的恩镰孢菌素（= 11）和 beauvericin（= 11）-和 属的 alternariol monomethyl ether、altertoxin 和 tentoxin（= 10）。在益生菌中，研究最多的属是 、 、 和酵母 。菊粉和纤维素是最常见的益生元。关于合生元和后生元的数据很少。研究表明，肠道微生物群和 PPSP 都可以解毒并减轻新兴霉菌毒素的有害影响。PPSP 不仅降低了霉菌毒素的生物利用度，还通过激活促进健康的途径，如短链脂肪酸的产生、基因保护和减少氧化应激，来对抗其有害影响。然而，定量和定性数据仍然有限，表明需要进一步和长期的研究。将 PPSP 作为功能性食品、饲料或营养保健品进行配方设计应被视为预防新兴霉菌毒素毒性的策略，而对于新兴霉菌毒素，目前还没有建立监管框架。
