Resnick D
Radiology. 1985 Jul;156(1):3-14. doi: 10.1148/radiology.156.1.3923556.
Several distinct degenerative processes affect the articulations of the vertebral column; each is associated with characteristic radiographic and pathologic abnormalities, and many are accompanied by significant clinical manifestations. A discussion of these processes is best accomplished according to the type of joint that is involved. With regard to cartilaginous articulations, of which the intervertebral disk is most important, intervertebral (osteo)chondrosis, spondylosis deformans, and, in the cervical spine, uncovertebral arthrosis are the major degenerative disorders. Osteoarthritis (osteoarthrosis) affects any of the synovium-lined joints of the vertebral column, including the apophyseal, costovertebral, transitional lumbosacral, median atlantoaxial, and sacroiliac articulations. Fibrous articulations, ligaments, or entheses (sites of tendon or ligament attachment to bone) are involved in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, ossification of the posterior spinal ligaments, and Baastrup disease. Of the many complications of these degenerative processes, alignment abnormalities (including segmental instability, degenerative spondylolisthesis, senile kyphosis, and degenerative scoliosis), intervertebral disk displacement, calcification or ossification, and spinal stenosis are the most important.
几种不同的退行性病变会影响脊柱关节；每种病变都伴有特征性的影像学和病理学异常，许多还伴有明显的临床表现。对这些病变的讨论最好根据受累关节的类型来进行。就软骨关节而言，椎间盘最为重要，椎间盘（骨）软骨病、变形性脊椎病以及颈椎的钩椎关节病是主要的退行性疾病。骨关节炎（骨关节病）可累及脊柱的任何滑膜关节，包括关节突关节、肋椎关节、腰骶移行关节、寰枢正中关节和骶髂关节。纤维关节、韧带或附着点（肌腱或韧带附着于骨的部位）会出现弥漫性特发性骨肥厚、脊柱后韧带骨化和巴斯楚普病。在这些退行性病变的诸多并发症中，排列异常（包括节段性不稳定、退行性椎体滑脱、老年性驼背和退行性脊柱侧凸）、椎间盘移位、钙化或骨化以及椎管狭窄最为重要。
