Zabala Aiora, Palomo Ignacio, Múgica Marta, Montes Carlos
The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
Cambridge University Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance, Department of Land Economy, Cambridge, UK.
NPJ Biodivers. 2024 May 2;3(1):9. doi: 10.1038/s44185-024-00041-x.
The Conference of the Parties of the signatories of the Convention on Biological Diversity agreed in 2022 to protect 30% of terrestrial and marine areas by 2030 (the "30 × 30" target). What challenges emerge or intensify once (if) this 30 × 30 goal is achieved globally? To help practitioners and researchers pre-empt and plan along the path towards 30% protected area (PA) coverage, we draw lessons from a sizable and biodiversity-rich region that has already hit the target on land. Based on experiences and research about PAs in Spain (36% of land and 12% of marine area protected), we identify, illustrate and discuss the socioeconomic and management challenges that emerge with a high proportion of a country's area protected, as well as possible strategies to address them. We structure these challenges in three levels: PA governance and management, PA integrity, and the landscape matrix outside PA boundaries. Important strategies to address these challenges include enhancing engagement, participation and stewardship; increasing institutional resilience and a cross-sectoral approach for socio-environmental goals. Achieving quantitative targets of protection will not be sufficient to conserve the world's biodiversity and, in a leap forward, we envision the governance areas that need the most attention as countries reach (or get close to) sizeable proportions of protection.
《生物多样性公约》签署方的缔约方大会于2022年商定，到2030年保护30%的陆地和海洋区域（“30×30”目标）。一旦（如果）这一30×30目标在全球实现，会出现或加剧哪些挑战？为帮助从业者和研究人员在实现30%保护区覆盖目标的道路上预先防范并做好规划，我们从一个已经在陆地上实现这一目标的面积广大且生物多样性丰富的区域吸取经验教训。基于对西班牙保护区（36%的陆地和12%的海洋区域受到保护）的经验和研究，我们识别、阐述并讨论了一个国家很大比例的区域受到保护时出现的社会经济和管理挑战，以及应对这些挑战的可能策略。我们将这些挑战分为三个层面：保护区治理与管理、保护区完整性以及保护区边界之外的景观基质。应对这些挑战的重要策略包括加强参与、提升参与度和管理水平；增强机构复原力以及采用跨部门方法实现社会环境目标。实现保护的量化目标对于保护世界生物多样性而言并不足够，而且我们进一步设想，随着各国达到（或接近）相当比例的保护面积，哪些治理领域需要给予最多关注。
