3-N-Butylphthalide Confers Antiarrhythmic Features in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury of Diabetic Heart by Targeting Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Network and Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation.

While 3-N-butylphthalide (NBP) has demonstrated notable cardioprotective effects, its precise role in mitigating myocardial arrhythmia following ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury in diabetes remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the potential mechanisms through which NBP mitigates reperfusion-induced myocardial arrhythmia in diabetic rats, with a particular focus on mitochondrial function and biogenesis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and oxidative/inflammatory responses. Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into non-diabetic and diabetic groups, subjected to in-vivo myocardial IR injury, and treated with NBP (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) through different modalities: preconditioning, postconditioning, or a combination of both. Electrocardiography (ECG) was employed to assess the incidence and severity of arrhythmia. Fluorometric, Western blotting and ELISA analyses were utilized to measure the mitochondrial, ER stress, and cellular outcomes. Treatment of non-diabetic rats with NBP in preconditioned, postconditioned, and combined approaches significantly reduced cardiotroponin-I and the frequency and severity of arrhythmias induced by IR injury. However, only the combined preconditioning plus postconditioning approach of NBP had protective and antiarrhythmic effects in diabetic rats, in an additive manner. Moreover, the NBP combined approach improved mitochondrial function and upregulated the expression of PGC-1?, Sirt1, and glutathione while concurrently downregulating ER stress and oxidative and pro-inflammatory-related proteins in diabetic rats. In conclusion, the combined approach of NBP treatment was effective in mitigating myocardial arrhythmia in diabetic rats. This approach coordinates interactions within the mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum network and inhibits oxidative and inflammatory mediators, offering a promising strategy for managing myocardial arrhythmia in diabetic patients. Key words: Myocardial Infarction, Mitochondria, Arrhythmia, Reperfusion, Diabetes, Ischemia.