Gut Dysbiosis and Cardiovascular Health: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Recent research has identified gut dysbiosis - an imbalance in the gut microbiota - as a significant factor in the development of CVDs. This complex relationship between gut microbiota and cardiovascular health involves various mechanisms, including the production of metabolites such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These metabolites influence lipid metabolism, inflammation, and blood pressure regulation. In addition, the gut-brain axis and neurohormonal pathways play crucial roles in cardiovascular function. Epidemiological studies have linked gut dysbiosis to various cardiovascular conditions, highlighting the potential for therapeutic interventions. Dietary changes, probiotics, and prebiotics have shown promise in modulating gut microbiota and reducing cardiovascular risk factors. This underscores the critical role of gut health in preventing and treating CVDs. However, further research is needed to develop targeted therapies that can enhance cardiovascular outcomes.