NRF2 in age-related musculoskeletal diseases: Role and treatment prospects.

The NRF2 pathway is a metabolic- and redox-sensitive signaling axis in which the transcription factor controls the expression of a multitude of genes that enable cells to survive environmental stressors, such as oxidative stress, mainly by inducing the expression of cytoprotective genes. Basal NRF2 levels are maintained under normal physiological conditions, but when exposed to oxidative stress, cells activate the NRF2 pathway, which is crucial for supporting cell survival. Recently, the NRF2 pathway has been found to have novel functions in metabolic regulation and interplay with other signaling pathways, offering novel insights into the treatment of various diseases. Numerous studies have shown that targeting its pathway can effectively investigate the development and progression of age-related musculoskeletal diseases, such as sarcopenia, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and intervertebral disc degeneration. Appropriate regulation of the NRF2 pathway flux holds promise as a means to improve musculoskeletal function, thereby providing a new avenue for drug treatment of age-related musculoskeletal diseases in clinical settings. The review summarized an overview of the relationship between NRF2 and cellular processes such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, ferroptosis, and autophagy, and explores the potential of targeted NRF2 regulation in the treatment of age-related musculoskeletal diseases.