Olfactory deficit and gastrointestinal dysfunction precede motor abnormalities in alpha-Synuclein G51D knock-in mice.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is typically a sporadic late-onset disorder, which has made it difficult to model in mice. Several transgenic mouse models bearing mutations in , which encodes alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn), have been made, but these lines do not express in a physiologically accurate spatiotemporal pattern, which limits the ability of the mice to recapitulate the features of human PD. Here, we generated knock-in mice bearing the G51D mutation. After establishing that their motor symptoms begin at 9 mo of age, we then sought earlier pathologies. We assessed the phosphorylation at Serine 129 of α-Syn in different tissues and detected phospho-α-Syn in the olfactory bulb and enteric nervous system at 3 mo of age. Olfactory deficit and impaired gut transit followed at 6 mo, preceding motor symptoms. The mice thus parallel the progression of human PD and will enable us to study PD pathogenesis and test future therapies.