Identifying molecular targets for modulating carotenoid accumulation in rice grains.

Carotenoids are potential antioxidants offering extensive human health benefits including protection against chronic diseases. Augmenting the supply of health-benefiting compounds/metabolites through dietary supplements is the most sustainable way for a healthy life. Our study compares the traditional rice cultivar Kavuni and the white rice variety ASD 16. RNA-Seq analysis was carried out in the maturing panicles of Kavuni, which are enriched with antioxidants such as the therapeutic carotenoid lutein, polyphenols, and anthocyanins, along with "ASD 16", a popularly eaten white rice variety, to elucidate the molecular networks regulating accumulation of health benefiting compounds. Systematic analysis of transcriptome data identified preferential up-regulation of carotenoid precursors (, ) and key carotenoid biosynthetic genes (, ) in the maturing grains of Kavuni. Our study also identified enhanced expression of , and transcripts involved in the alpha-carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and thereby leading to elevated lutein content in the grains of Kavuni. Kavuni grains showed preferential down-regulation of negative regulators of carotenoid metabolism viz., AP2 and HY5 and preferential up-regulation of positive modulators of carotenoid metabolism viz., , and , thus creating a favorable molecular framework for carotenoid accumulation. Our study has unearthed valuable gene control points for precise manipulation of carotenoid profiles through CRISPR-based gene editing in rice grains. Perturbation of carotenoid biosynthesis holds unprecedented potential for the rapid development of the next generation of 'Golden rice'.