VoxelMorph-Based Deep Learning Motion Correction for Ultrasound Localization Microscopy of Spinal Cord.

Accurate assessment of spinal cord vasculature is important for the urgent diagnosis of injury and subsequent treatment. Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) offers super-resolution imaging of microvasculature by localizing and tracking individual microbubbles (MBs) across multiple frames. However, a long data acquisition often involves significant motion artifacts caused by breathing and heartbeat, which further impairs the resolution of ULM. This effect is particularly pronounced in spinal cord imaging due to respiratory movement. We propose a VoxelMorph-based deep learning (DL) motion correction method to enhance the ULM performance in spinal cord imaging. Simulations were conducted to demonstrate the motion estimation accuracy of the proposed method, achieving a mean absolute error of m. Results from in vivo experiments show that the proposed method efficiently compensates for rigid and nonrigid motion, providing improved resolution with smaller vascular diameters and enhanced microvessel reconstruction after motion correction. Nonrigid deformation fields with varying displacement magnitudes were applied to in vivo data for assessing the robustness of the algorithm.