Advancements in electrochemical glucose sensors.

The development of electrochemical glucose sensors with high sensitivity, specificity, and stability, enabling real-time continuous monitoring, has posed a significant challenge. However, an opportunity exists to fabricate electrochemical glucose biosensors with optimal performance through innovative device structures and surface modification materials. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in electrochemical glucose sensors. Novel classes of nanomaterials-including metal nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, and metal-organic frameworks-with excellent electronic conductivity and high specific surface areas, have increased the availability of reactive sites to improved contact with glucose molecules. Furthermore, in line with the trend in electrochemical glucose sensor development, research progress concerning their utilisation with sweat, tears, saliva, and interstitial fluid is described. To facilitate the commercialisation of these sensors, further enhancements in biocompatibility and stability are required. Finally, the characteristics of the ideal electrochemical glucose sensor are described and the developmental trends in this field are outlines.