Norman Tal, Eviatar Zohar, Degani Tamar
Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Haifa.
Department of Psychology, University of Haifa.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2024 Dec;50(12):2008-2029. doi: 10.1037/xlm0001376. Epub 2024 Sep 19.
This study investigated (a) whether L2 semantic processing is modulated by automatic activation of L1 translations, (b) whether L1 translation activation involves both phonological and orthographic representations, and (c) whether these phonological and orthographic representations of L1 translations are accessed along a similar time course. To this end, 48 Hebrew-English bilinguals and 48 native English speakers with no Hebrew knowledge performed a semantic relatedness judgment task in English. Critical prime-target pairs ( = 96) were semantically unrelated, but their translations in Hebrew could include form overlap. Specifically, complete translation-overlap pairs shared both a phonological and an orthographic lexical form (e.g., "beak" and "source" = מקור /makor/), whereas partial translation-overlap pairs shared either a phonological form (e.g., "skin" and "light" = /or/) or an orthographic form (e.g., "book" and "barber" = ספר) in Hebrew. Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of the prime-target L2-English words was further manipulated to reveal the time course of phonological and orthographic translation activation. Results showed that complete overlap in the translation lead Hebrew-English bilinguals, but not native English speakers, to judge semantically unrelated pairs as related in meaning and to do so more quickly irrespective of SOA. For partial translation overlap in phonology, the percentage of "yes" responses was affected only in the short SOA (300 ms), and under partial translation overlap in orthography, only in the long SOA (750 ms). These findings suggest that L1 translation activation during L2 word processing spreads to both phonological and orthographic representations but at different time points along processing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
（a）第二语言（L2）语义处理是否受到第一语言（L1）翻译自动激活的调节；（b）L1翻译激活是否涉及语音和正字法表征；（c）L1翻译的这些语音和正字法表征是否在相似的时间进程中被激活。为此，48名希伯来语-英语双语者和48名不懂希伯来语的以英语为母语者用英语完成了一项语义相关性判断任务。关键的启动刺激-目标刺激对（=96）在语义上不相关，但它们的希伯来语翻译可能存在形式重叠。具体而言，完全翻译重叠对在语音和正字法词汇形式上都相同（例如，“beak”和“source”=מקור /makor/），而部分翻译重叠对在希伯来语中要么共享语音形式（例如，“skin”和“light”=/or/），要么共享正字法形式（例如，“book”和“barber”=ספר）。进一步操纵启动刺激-目标刺激的第二语言英语单词的刺激呈现间隔（SOA），以揭示语音和正字法翻译激活的时间进程。结果表明，翻译中的完全重叠使希伯来语-英语双语者（而非以英语为母语者）将语义不相关的对判断为在意义上相关，并且无论SOA如何，都能更快地做出判断。对于语音方面的部分翻译重叠，“是”反应的百分比仅在短SOA（300毫秒）时受到影响，而在正字法方面的部分翻译重叠时，仅在长SOA（750毫秒）时受到影响。这些发现表明，在第二语言单词处理过程中，第一语言翻译激活会扩散到语音和正字法表征，但在处理过程中的不同时间点发生。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2025美国心理学会，保留所有权利）
