Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands.
Ibacon GmbH, Arheilger Weg 17, Roßdorf 64380, Germany.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2024 Oct 15;285:117062. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117062. Epub 2024 Sep 18.
In an acute contact test with bees the compound of interest is dissolved in a carrier solvent (frequently acetone) and then a droplet of the solution is placed on the dorsal thorax of the bee. The volume of the droplet is standardised to 1 µL for honeybees and to 2 µL for bumblebees. In practice the same droplet volume is used for bees with very different sizes. In this research the effect of the droplet volume was evaluated with acute contact tests with dimethoate for the alfalfa leafcutter bee, the red mason bee, the honeybee and the bumblebee. The results were analysed with a ToxicoKinetic ToxicoDynamic (TKTD) model to separate kinetic from dynamic effects. This allows to compare the sensitivity of the bee based on the effect threshold and not on the time, species and test dependent LDs. The analysis of the test results indicates that the magnitude of the response of the bees increased with increasing droplet size. The results also showed that the manifestation of effects over time is slower for the red mason bee and the bumblebee compared to the honeybee and the alfalfa leafcutter bee. This implies that the result of a 2 day test with a fixed dosing volume results in different response for a bumblebee compared to the alfalfa leafcutter bee, not because of different sensitivities of the bees involved but due to the difference of relative dosed surface ratio. So comparing the sensitivity of bee species, based on standardised tests is biased and amplifies the sensitivity for the smaller bee species.
在蜜蜂的急性接触测试中，感兴趣的化合物溶解在载体溶剂（通常为丙酮）中，然后将溶液的一滴放在蜜蜂的背部胸部。液滴的体积标准化为 1 µL 用于蜜蜂，2 µL 用于大黄蜂。实际上，对于大小差异很大的蜜蜂，使用相同的液滴体积。在这项研究中，使用对硫磷对紫花苜蓿叶蜂、红壁蜂、蜜蜂和大黄蜂的急性接触测试来评估液滴体积的影响。使用毒代动力学毒代动力学 (TKTD) 模型对结果进行分析，以分离动力学和动态效应。这允许根据效应阈值而不是时间、物种和测试相关 LD 来比较基于蜜蜂的敏感性。测试结果的分析表明，随着液滴尺寸的增加，蜜蜂的反应幅度增大。结果还表明，与蜜蜂和紫花苜蓿叶蜂相比，红壁蜂和大黄蜂的效应随时间的表现较慢。这意味着，对于固定剂量体积的 2 天测试，结果对于大黄蜂与紫花苜蓿叶蜂的反应不同，这不是因为所涉及的蜜蜂的敏感性不同，而是由于相对给药表面积比的差异。因此，基于标准化测试比较蜜蜂物种的敏感性存在偏差，并放大了较小蜜蜂物种的敏感性。
