Department of Business Administration, Rissho University, Tokyo, 141-8602, Japan.
School of Information and Communication, Meiji University, Tokyo, 168-8555, Japan.
Sci Rep. 2024 Sep 19;14(1):21890. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-73353-4.
The Prisoner's Dilemma is one of the most classic formats for exploring the principle of direct reciprocity. Although numerous theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted, little attention has been paid to the divergence between theoretical predictions and actual human behaviour. In addition, there are two additional essential challenges of experimental research. First, most experimental approaches have focused on games in which two players decide their actions simultaneously, but little is known about alternating games. Another is that there are few experiments on voluntary participation. Here, we conducted experiments on simultaneous games, alternating games, and games with and without voluntary participation for a total of four game patterns and examined the deviation from theoretical predictions for each. The results showed that, contrary to theoretical predictions, humans chose cooperation even after being exploited. We also observed that, with or without voluntary participation, people tended to take the same action they had taken in the previous round. Our results indicate that to understand the mechanisms of human behaviour, we need to integrate findings from behavioural science, psychology, and game theory.
囚徒困境是探索直接互惠原则最经典的模式之一。尽管已经进行了大量的理论和实验研究，但很少有人关注理论预测与实际人类行为之间的分歧。此外，实验研究还面临另外两个重要的挑战。首先，大多数实验方法都集中在两个参与者同时决定其行动的博弈中，但对于交替博弈知之甚少。另一个是，自愿参与的实验很少。在这里，我们总共进行了四种博弈模式的同步博弈、交替博弈和有/无自愿参与的博弈实验，并研究了每种博弈模式与理论预测的偏差。结果表明，与理论预测相反，人类在被利用后仍然选择合作。我们还观察到，无论是否有自愿参与，人们往往会采取与前一轮相同的行动。我们的结果表明，要理解人类行为的机制，我们需要整合行为科学、心理学和博弈论的研究成果。
