Faculty of Business Administration, Rissho University, Tokyo, Japan.
Graduate School of Business Administration, Rissho University, Tokyo, Japan.
PLoS One. 2020 Jun 30;15(6):e0235137. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235137. eCollection 2020.
Indirect reciprocity is one of the major mechanisms in the evolution of human cooperation. In indirect reciprocity, social norms with which individuals distinguish good people from bad people play essential roles. Despite extensive studies on the evolution of cooperation in indirect reciprocity, little is known about which social norms people actually adopt. Here we reveal what kind of norms are adopted by people in indirect reciprocal situations in daily life by using scenario-based experiments. The results showed that people evaluated "justified defection" as neither good nor bad and withheld their evaluation. Theoretically, social norms that evaluate justified defection as good are required for cooperation to be stable. However, the norm that people actually adopted deviates from the theoretical predictions. Our results indicate the necessity to reconsider the justification of "justified defection" in the evolution of cooperation.
间接互惠是人类合作进化的主要机制之一。在间接互惠中，个体用来区分好人与坏人的社会规范起着至关重要的作用。尽管人们对间接互惠中的合作进化进行了广泛的研究，但对于人们实际上采用哪种社会规范却知之甚少。在这里，我们通过基于场景的实验揭示了人们在日常生活中的间接互惠情境中采用哪种规范。结果表明，人们对“合理背叛”的评价既不好也不坏，并保留了他们的评价。从理论上讲，合作要稳定，就需要有将合理背叛评价为好的社会规范。然而，人们实际采用的规范与理论预测不符。我们的研究结果表明，有必要重新考虑合作进化中“合理背叛”的正当性。
