Russell Kirsten, Hunter Simon C, Rasmussen Susan, Quirke Aideen, Cramer Robert J
University of Strathclyde, UK.
Glasgow Caledonian University, UK.
J Interpers Violence. 2025 Jun;40(11-12):2784-2808. doi: 10.1177/08862605241279393. Epub 2024 Sep 20.
Hate-motivated behavior (HMB) ranges from microaggressions to criminal acts and is a public health concern with consequences for the physical and mental well-being of individuals, families, and communities. The Hate-Motivated Behavior Checklist (HMBC) was developed with the goal of advancing the measurement of HMB perpetration. To provide insights into perpetration and victimization across the HMB continuum in Scotland, the present study sought to examine the factor structure of both the original HMBC and our adapted victimization version in a sample of adults currently living in Scotland. It also aimed to test associations between HMB and cognitions, which are related to self-directed violence (defeat and entrapment). Participants ( = 447) completed an online cross-sectional survey assessing demographic factors, HMB (perpetration and victimization), and perceptions of defeat and entrapment. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the factor structure of the HMBC and the adapted victimization version of this checklist and path analyses were implemented to provide insights into potential links between HMB, defeat, and entrapment. In line with previous work, results provided support for interpreting the HMB Checklist as a single-factor total score. This was also true for the victimization version of the checklist. Results indicated that HMB victimization (but not perpetration) was associated with increased perceptions of defeat and entrapment. These findings suggest that the HMBC (for assessing both perpetration and victimization) represents potentially useful tools for HMB research and supports their applicability outside of an American context. Furthermore, by examining HMB through the lens of a contemporary model of suicidal behavior, our findings also provide insights into potential psychological mechanisms linking interpersonal and self-directed violence. Future research should implement prospective research designs and integrate measures of self-directed violence outcomes alongside HMB, defeat, and entrapment, to further advance understanding of this association.
仇恨动机行为（HMB）涵盖从微侵犯到犯罪行为等多种形式，是一个公共卫生问题，会对个人、家庭和社区的身心健康产生影响。仇恨动机行为清单（HMBC）的制定旨在推动对HMB实施情况的测量。为了深入了解苏格兰HMB连续体中的实施情况和受害情况，本研究试图在目前居住在苏格兰的成年人样本中检验原始HMBC及其改编的受害版本的因素结构。它还旨在测试HMB与认知之间的关联，这些认知与自我导向暴力（挫败感和陷入困境）有关。参与者（n = 447）完成了一项在线横断面调查，评估人口统计学因素、HMB（实施情况和受害情况）以及挫败感和陷入困境的认知。验证性因素分析用于检验HMBC及其改编的受害版本的因素结构，并进行路径分析以深入了解HMB、挫败感和陷入困境之间的潜在联系。与之前的研究一致，结果支持将HMB清单解释为单因素总分。清单的受害版本也是如此。结果表明，HMB受害情况（而非实施情况）与挫败感和陷入困境的认知增加有关。这些发现表明，HMBC（用于评估实施情况和受害情况）是HMB研究的潜在有用工具，并支持其在美国境外的适用性。此外，通过当代自杀行为模型来审视HMB，我们的研究结果还深入了解了人际暴力和自我导向暴力之间潜在的心理机制。未来的研究应采用前瞻性研究设计，并将自我导向暴力结果的测量与HMB、挫败感和陷入困境相结合，以进一步增进对这种关联的理解。
