Diversity, vertical stratification and detection of Leishmania DNA in sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) collected in the Mapinguari National Park, Brazilian Amazon.

This study aimed to assess the diversity patterns of sand fly fauna across different strata and detect Leishmania DNA in these insects in the Mapinguari National Park in Rondônia and Amazonas states, Northern Brazil. Sand flies were collected with "HP" light traps in the canopy (15 m) and at ground level (1 m) on two trails, during August and November 2021 and March and August 2022. Polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing were used to identify Leishmania species. A total of 8,040 individuals (2,303♂ - 28.64 %, 5,737♀ - 71.36 %) were collected and 53 species and 13 genera were identified. The most abundant species were Psychodopygus chagasi (21.00 %), Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (13.61 %) Psychodopygus davisi (11.69 %), Nyssomyia fraihai (10.58 %), Nyssomyia antunesi (6.68 %) and Nyssomyia richardwardi (5.55 %). Species diversity was greater in the canopy (Shannon index H' = 10.8 common species) when compared to ground level (H' = 10.5 common species). We observed a minimum infection rate of 0.45 % (22/4,868 females), in which Leishmania braziliensis DNA was found in Ps. chagasi and Le. lainsoni DNA in Ps. chagasi, Ny. richardwardi, Ps. ayrozai and Th. ubiquitalis. The minimum infection rate of Leishmania in the canopy was 0.47 % (19/4,031) and in the ground was 0.52 % (3/567). In the present study, we observed Le. lainsoni DNA in females of Ny. richardwardi for the first time. The data presented in this study contribute to understanding sand fly diversity and its distribution between the states of Rondônia and Amazonas. They may be useful for implementing targeted control measures to reduce the spread of leishmaniasis and implement entomological surveillance strategies.