欧洲及邻国利什曼病与沙蝇的空间关系。
The spatial relationship between leishmaniases and sand flies in Europe and neighboring countries.
机构信息
Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
出版信息
Parasit Vectors. 2024 Sep 27;17(1):404. doi: 10.1186/s13071-024-06484-2.
BACKGROUND
Leishmania infantum is endemic in Europe (and elsewhere) while L. donovani s.s., L. tropica and L. major are not but are present in neighboring countries in North Africa, the Middle East, (the Asian part of) Turkey and the Southern Caucasus. Lists of sand fly vector species in the scientific literature vary with the criteria for vector incrimination, and criteria vary because, for some, evidence is difficult to generate. With minimal criteria, about 20 sand fly species are proven or suspected vectors of L. infantum in Europe and neighboring countries, while for L. tropica and L. major, there are seven and four proven or suspected vector species, respectively, in this area. For L. donovani s.s., present in Cyprus, the Middle East and (the Asian part of) Turkey, no local vectors have been incriminated so far. The aim was to assess the degree of spatial agreement between Leishmania spp. and various vectors species and their relative contribution to the explained variation.
METHODS
We used multivariate regression modeling to analyze the spatial relationship between autochthonous Leishmania spp. and clinical forms in humans and animals and 14 Phlebotomus spp. in Europe and neighboring countries.
RESULTS
There was only fair agreement between parasite and vector distributions. The most parsimonious models describing the distribution of Leishmania spp. and clinical forms included three to six sand fly species and explained between 12% (L. infantum) and 37% (L. donovani) of the observed variation. Selected models included confirmed and suspected vector species as well as unexpected species.
CONCLUSIONS
The relatively low agreement between Leishmania and vector distributions highlights the need to improve leishmaniasis reporting and vector surveillance in areas where no information is available, both for a better understanding of the epidemiology of infection in endemic areas and to monitor possible spread of infection into non-endemic areas. While some of the unexpected sand fly-Leishmania spp. statistical associations might be spurious, for others, the existence of sporadic or recent reports of infections warrants further vector competence studies that consider strain variation.
背景
利什曼原虫在欧洲（和其他地区）流行，而 L. donovani s.s.、L. tropica 和 L. major 则不然，但在北非、中东、（土耳其的亚洲部分）和南高加索的邻国存在。在科学文献中，关于沙蝇媒介物种的列表因媒介物定罪的标准而异，而且标准也因一些证据难以产生而有所不同。在最小的标准下，约有 20 种沙蝇物种被证明或怀疑是欧洲和邻国的 L. infantum 的媒介，而对于 L. tropica 和 L. major，在该地区分别有 7 种和 4 种被证明或怀疑的媒介物种。对于在塞浦路斯、中东和（土耳其的亚洲部分）存在的 L. donovani s.s.，迄今为止尚未有本地媒介物被定罪。目的是评估利什曼原虫属和各种媒介物种之间的空间一致性程度及其对解释变异的相对贡献。
方法
我们使用多元回归建模来分析欧洲和邻国的本地利什曼原虫属和临床形式以及 14 种 Phlebotomus 种之间的空间关系。
结果
寄生虫和媒介物的分布只有适度的一致性。描述利什曼原虫属和临床形式分布的最简约模型包括三到六种沙蝇物种，解释了观察到的变异的 12%（L. infantum）至 37%（L. donovani）。所选模型包括已确认和疑似媒介物种以及意外物种。
结论
利什曼原虫和媒介物分布之间的相对低一致性突出表明，需要改进无信息地区的利什曼病报告和媒介物监测，这既是为了更好地了解流行地区的感染流行病学，也是为了监测感染可能向非流行地区传播。虽然一些意外的沙蝇-利什曼原虫属的统计关联可能是虚假的，但对于其他关联，感染的偶发或最近报告需要进一步进行媒介物适应能力研究，考虑到菌株变异。
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