Response of to Acid Stress: Mechanisms and Applications-A Narrative Review.

Change in pH in growth conditions is the primary stress for most neutralophilic bacteria, including model microorganism . However, different survival capacities under acid stress in different bacteria are ubiquitous. Research on different acid-tolerance mechanisms in microorganisms is important for the field of combating harmful gut bacteria and promoting fermentation performance of industrial strains. Therefore, this study aimed to carry out a narrative review of acid-stress response mechanism of discovered so far, including six AR systems, cell membrane protection, and macromolecular repair. In addition, the application of acid-tolerant in industry was illustrated, such as production of industrial organic acid and developing bioprocessing for industrial wastes. Identifying these aspects will open the opportunity for discussing development aspects for subsequent research of acid-tolerant mechanisms and application in .