Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.
Nutrients. 2024 Sep 19;16(18):3159. doi: 10.3390/nu16183159.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the leading causes of death globally. There was a 70% increase in diabetes-related deaths between 2000 and 2020, particularly among males. This non-communicable disease is characterized by increased insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood sugar levels and, if untreated, resulting in complications such as nerve damage, kidney disease, blindness, and poor wound healing. T2D management includes dietary intervention, physical exercise, and the administration of blood sugar-lowering medication. However, these medications often have side effects related to intestinal discomfort. Therefore, natural alternatives to standard diabetes medications are being sought to improve the quality of life for individuals with this condition. Polyphenols, which are naturally occurring plant metabolites, have emerged as strong candidates for T2D control. Various phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid), flavonoids (e.g., quercetin), proanthocyanidins (e.g., procyanidin B2), gallotannins (e.g., monogalloyl hexoside), and ellagitannins (e.g., ellagic acid hexoside) can enhance insulin sensitivity in tissues, reduce chronic inflammation, scavenge free radicals, improve insulin secretion, inhibit enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, regulate glucose transport across cell membranes, and modulate gut microbiota. This contribution compiles up-to-date evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of polyphenols in the prevention and management of T2D, emphasizing the mechanisms of action underlying these effects.
2 型糖尿病（T2D）是全球主要死因之一。2000 年至 2020 年期间，糖尿病相关死亡人数增加了 70%，尤其是男性。这种非传染性疾病的特征是胰岛素抵抗增加，导致血糖水平升高，如果不治疗，会导致神经损伤、肾脏疾病、失明和伤口愈合不良等并发症。T2D 的管理包括饮食干预、体育锻炼和降血糖药物的管理。然而，这些药物通常会引起与肠道不适相关的副作用。因此，正在寻找天然替代品来替代标准的糖尿病药物，以改善患有这种疾病的人的生活质量。多酚，作为天然存在的植物代谢物，已成为控制 T2D 的有力候选物。各种酚酸（如绿原酸）、类黄酮（如槲皮素）、原花青素（如原花青素 B2）、没食子单宁（如单没食子酰基六糖苷）和鞣花单宁（如鞣花酸六糖苷）可以提高组织中的胰岛素敏感性，减轻慢性炎症，清除自由基，促进胰岛素分泌，抑制参与碳水化合物消化的酶，调节葡萄糖跨细胞膜转运，调节肠道微生物群。本综述汇总了多酚在预防和管理 T2D 方面的最新体内和体外研究证据，强调了这些作用的作用机制。
