Undset Andrea, Jensen Tine K, Dyb Grete, Wentzel-Larsen Tore, Ormhaug Silje M, Stensland Synne, Blix Ines
Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway.
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2024;15(1):2402193. doi: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2402193. Epub 2024 Oct 2.
Maladaptive appraisals, such as thoughts about experiencing a permanent and disturbing change and about being a fragile person in a scary world, are associated with posttraumatic stress reactions (PTSR) for trauma-exposed children and adolescents. Less is known about what puts young people at risk for developing such appraisals, and the differential relationship between the types of appraisals and PTSR The primary aim was to examine the role of age, gender and exposure to potentially traumatizing events (PTEs) for the levels of maladaptive appraisals. The secondary aim was to investigate the association between the levels of maladaptive appraisals (appraisals of a permanent change and appraisals about a scary world) and PTSR. We investigated these aims in two samples: survivors after the terror attack at Utøya island in Norway in 2011 ( = 165, mean age 17.65, = 1.19) and adolescents referred to treatment after mainly interpersonal trauma ( = 152, mean age 15.08, = 2.18). The aims were investigated using linear regression and partial correlation. In the terror-exposed sample, female gender was significantly associated with higher levels of scary-world appraisals, witnessing or learning that someone close were exposed to physical violence was significantly associated with more permanent-change appraisals, and a higher number of PTEs was significantly associated with higher levels of both types of appraisals. For the clinical sample, we found no significant associations between exposure to PTEs, gender, age, and the level of maladaptive appraisals. Both types of maladaptive appraisals were highly associated with PTSR in both samples, and there was no significant difference in the strength of the associations between the types of appraisals and PTSR. The results have implications for identifying adolescents at risk for developing harmful maladaptive appraisals. Both scary-world appraisals and permanent-change appraisals were strongly associated with PTSR in both groups of trauma-exposed adolescents.
适应不良的认知评估，比如认为会经历永久性的、令人不安的变化，以及在一个可怕的世界里是个脆弱的人，与遭受创伤的儿童和青少年的创伤后应激反应（PTSR）有关。对于哪些因素会使年轻人产生这种认知评估，以及不同类型的认知评估与创伤后应激反应之间的差异关系，我们了解得较少。主要目的是研究年龄、性别以及暴露于潜在创伤性事件（PTEs）对适应不良认知评估水平的作用。次要目的是调查适应不良认知评估（对永久性变化的认知评估和对可怕世界的认知评估）水平与创伤后应激反应之间的关联。我们在两个样本中研究了这些目的：2011年挪威于特岛恐怖袭击的幸存者（n = 165，平均年龄17.65岁，标准差 = 1.19），以及主要因人际创伤而接受治疗的青少年（n = 152，平均年龄15.08岁，标准差 = 2.18）。通过线性回归和偏相关分析来研究这些目的。在受恐怖袭击影响的样本中，女性与更高水平的对可怕世界的认知评估显著相关，目睹或得知亲密的人遭受身体暴力与更多的对永久性变化的认知评估显著相关，更多数量的潜在创伤性事件与两种类型的认知评估的更高水平显著相关。对于临床样本，我们发现暴露于潜在创伤性事件、性别、年龄与适应不良认知评估水平之间没有显著关联。在两个样本中，两种类型的适应不良认知评估都与创伤后应激反应高度相关，并且不同类型的认知评估与创伤后应激反应之间关联强度没有显著差异。这些结果对于识别有发展出有害的适应不良认知评估风险的青少年具有启示意义。在两组遭受创伤的青少年中，对可怕世界的认知评估和对永久性变化的认知评估都与创伤后应激反应密切相关。
