挪威非店内营业时间小幅延长对酒精饮料销售的影响：一项阶梯式楔形整群随机对照试验。

Effect of a small increase in off-premises trading hours on alcohol sales in Norway: A stepped-wedge cluster-randomized controlled trial.

作者信息

Bergsvik Daniel, Grøtting Maja Weemes, Rossow Ingeborg

机构信息

Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drug Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.

出版信息

Addiction. 2025 Jan;120(1):86-94. doi: 10.1111/add.16683. Epub 2024 Oct 7.

DOI:10.1111/add.16683

PMID:39374933

原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11638516/

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Evidence of the effect of limiting off-premises alcohol trading hours is still scarce. This study tested the effect of a small extension in trading hours on alcohol sales in alcohol monopoly outlets in Norway.

DESIGN

The extension of trading hours was implemented within a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial design. Eligible state monopoly outlets (n = 229) were clustered into trade districts (n = 62), which were block-randomized to one of three sequences regarding date of implementation: 1 September 2020 (n = 21 districts, 82 outlets), 1 December 2020 (n = 21 districts, 73 outlets) and 1 March 2021 (n = 20 districts, 74 outlets). Outcomes were followed-up for a 1-year period.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Study participants were state monopoly outlets in urban and rural trade districts in all parts of Norway.

MEASUREMENTS

Monthly alcohol sales in litres of pure alcohol per trade district and per outlet were measured from March 2020 to March 2022 (primary outcome). We applied a linear mixed-effect model with two-way fixed effects within a difference-in-difference framework. As a robustness check we considered the effects of cross-border trade and effects in subgroups of outlets. Trading hours in monopoly outlets were extended by 1 hour on Saturdays. The extension was permanent. Pre-intervention periods and not-yet-treated units served as control conditions.

FINDINGS

We did not find a statistically significant effect of the small extension in trading hours on monthly alcohol sales (i) per trade district [average treatment effect: -185.5 litres, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -1159.9, 788.9] and (ii) per outlet (-35.3 litres, 95% CI = -142.1, 72.0). These findings were consistent across estimation methods and model specifications.

CONCLUSION

There is no clear evidence that a small extension in off-premises trading hours affected alcohol sales in monopoly outlets in Norway.

摘要

背景与目的

限制店外酒精销售时间的效果证据仍然很少。本研究测试了交易时间小幅延长对挪威国有酒类专卖店酒精销售的影响。

设计

交易时间的延长是在逐步楔形整群随机试验设计中实施的。符合条件的国有专卖店（n = 229）被聚类为商业区（n = 62），这些商业区被随机分为三个实施日期序列之一：2020年9月1日（n = 21个区，82家店）、2020年12月1日（n = 21个区，73家店）和2021年3月1日（n = 20个区，74家店）。对结果进行了为期1年的随访。

地点与参与者

研究参与者是挪威各地城乡商业区的国有专卖店。

测量

从2020年3月到2022年3月，测量每个商业区和每家店每月纯酒精升数的酒精销售额（主要结果）。我们在双重差分框架内应用了具有双向固定效应的线性混合效应模型。作为稳健性检验，我们考虑了跨境贸易的影响和不同类型店铺的影响。国有专卖店的交易时间在周六延长了1小时。这种延长是永久性的。干预前期和未接受干预的单位作为对照条件。

结果

我们没有发现交易时间的小幅延长对以下方面的每月酒精销售额有统计学上的显著影响：（i）每个商业区[平均治疗效果：-185.5升，95%置信区间（CI）= -1159.9，788.9]和（ii）每家店（-35.3升，95% CI = -142.1，72.0）。这些结果在不同的估计方法和模型设定中都是一致的。