Dos Reis Glaydson Simoes, Petnikota Shaikshavali, de Oliveira Helinando Pequeno, de Brum Irineu A S, Thyrel Mikael, Dotto Guiherme Luiz, Lima Eder Claudio, Naushad Mu, Hu Tao, Lassi Ulla, Grimm Alejandro
Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Biomass Technology Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden.
Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland, Finland.
Sci Rep. 2024 Oct 7;14(1):23354. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-75003-1.
This study employed lignin-sulfonated (LS) to develop biobased carbon materials (LS-Cs) through a sulfur-doping approach to enhance their physicochemical properties, adsorption capabilities, and energy storage potentials. Various characterization techniques, including BET surface area analysis, SEM imaging, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and elemental composition (CHNS), were employed to assess the quality of the LS-Cs adsorbent and electrode samples. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized for optimizing the two main properties (specific surface area, A and mesopore area, A) by evaluating three independent factors (i.e., activation temperature, ZnCl:LS ratio, and sulfur content). According to the statistical analysis, A and A were affected by ZnCl and sulfur content, while the pyrolysis temperature did not affect the responses in the studied conditions. It was found that increasing the ZnCl and sulfur contents led to an increment of the A and A values. The LS-C materials exhibited very high Avalues up to 1993 m g and with predominantly mesoporous features. The S-doping resulted in LS-Cs with high sulfur contents in their microstructures up to 15% (wt%). The LS-C materials were tested as adsorbents for sodium diclofenac (DCF) adsorption and reactive orange 16 dye (RO-16) and as electrodes for supercapacitors. The LS-Cs exhibited excellent adsorption capacity values for both molecules (197-372 mg g) for DCF, and (223-466 mg g) for RO-16. When tested as electrodes for supercapacitors, notably, LS-C3, which is a doped sample with sulfur, exhibited the best electrochemical performance, e.g. high specific capacitance (156 F/g at 50 mV/s), and delivered an excellent capacitance after 1000 cycles (63 F/g at 1 A/g), which denotes the noteworthy capacitive behavior of the S-doped electrode. Thus, the present work suggests an eco-friendly resource for developing effective, productive carbon materials for adsorbent and electrodes for SC application. However, further studies on the complete application of these materials as adsorbents and electrodes are needed for a deeper understanding of their behavior in environmental and energy storage applications.
本研究采用木质素磺酸盐（LS）通过硫掺杂方法制备生物基碳材料（LS-Cs），以增强其物理化学性质、吸附能力和储能潜力。采用了各种表征技术，包括BET比表面积分析、扫描电子显微镜成像、X射线光电子能谱、拉曼光谱和元素组成（CHNS），来评估LS-Cs吸附剂和电极样品的质量。响应面法（RSM）用于通过评估三个独立因素（即活化温度、ZnCl₂:LS比例和硫含量）来优化两个主要性质（比表面积，A和中孔面积，A）。根据统计分析，A和A受ZnCl₂和硫含量的影响，而在研究条件下热解温度不影响响应。发现增加ZnCl₂和硫含量会导致A和A值增加。LS-C材料表现出高达1993 m²/g的非常高的A值，且主要具有中孔特征。硫掺杂导致LS-Cs在其微观结构中具有高达15%（重量）的高硫含量。LS-C材料被测试作为双氯芬酸钠（DCF）吸附和活性橙16染料（RO-16）的吸附剂，以及作为超级电容器的电极。LS-Cs对两种分子都表现出优异的吸附容量值，对DCF为197 - 372 mg/g，对RO-16为223 - 466 mg/g。当作为超级电容器电极测试时，值得注意的是，作为硫掺杂样品的LS-C3表现出最佳的电化学性能，例如高比电容（在50 mV/s时为156 F/g），并且在1000次循环后具有优异的电容（在1 A/g时为63 F/g），这表明硫掺杂电极具有显著的电容行为。因此，本工作为开发用于吸附剂和超级电容器电极的有效、高产碳材料提供了一种环保资源。然而，需要对这些材料作为吸附剂和电极的完整应用进行进一步研究，以更深入地了解它们在环境和储能应用中的行为。
