A tutorial on Bayesian structural equation modelling: Principles and applications.

This paper explores the utilisation of Bayesian structural equation modelling (BSEM) in psychology, highlighting its advantages over frequentist methods for handling complex models and small sample sizes. Basic concepts and fundamental issues relevant to BSEM are introduced, such as prior setting, model convergence, and model fit evaluation and so on. The paper also provides illustrative examples of commonly employed BSEMs, including confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models, mediation models and multigroup CFA models, accompanied by empirical data and computer codes to facilitate implementation. Our goal is to provide researchers with novel ideas for empirical research and equip them to overcome challenges inherent to traditional methods. As BSEM continues to gain traction in various fields, we anticipate its development will feature improved methods, techniques and reporting standards.