Exercise, disease state and sex influence the beneficial effects of Fn14-depletion on survival and muscle pathology in the SOD1 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mouse model.

BACKGROUND

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating and incurable neurodegenerative disease. Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that intrinsic muscle defects exist and contribute to disease progression, including imbalances in whole-body metabolic homeostasis. We have previously reported that tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and fibroblast growth factor inducible 14 (Fn14) are significantly upregulated in skeletal muscle of the SOD1 ALS mouse model. While antagonising TWEAK did not impact survival, we did observe positive effects in skeletal muscle. Given that Fn14 has been proposed as the main effector of the TWEAK/Fn14 activity and that Fn14 can act independently from TWEAK in muscle, we suggest that manipulating Fn14 instead of TWEAK in the SOD1 ALS mice could lead to differential and potentially improved benefits.

METHODS

We thus investigated the contribution of Fn14 to disease phenotypes in the SOD1 ALS mice. To do so, Fn14 knockout mice (Fn14) were crossed onto the SOD1 background to generate SOD1;Fn14 mice. Investigations were performed on both unexercised and exercised (rotarod and/or grid test) animals (wild type (WT), Fn14, SOD1 and SOD1;Fn14).

RESULTS

Here, we firstly confirm that the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway is dysregulated in skeletal muscle of SOD1 mice. We then show that Fn14-depleted SOD1 mice display increased lifespan, myofiber size, neuromuscular junction endplate area as well as altered expression of known molecular effectors of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway, without an impact on motor function. Importantly, we also observe a complex interaction between exercise (rotarod and grid test), genotype, disease state and sex that influences the overall effects of Fn14 deletion on survival, expression of known molecular effectors of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway, expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms and myofiber size.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study provides further insights on the different roles of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in pathological skeletal muscle and how they can be influenced by age, disease, sex and exercise. This is particularly relevant in the ALS field, where combinatorial therapies that include exercise regimens are currently being explored. As such, a better understanding and consideration of the interactions between treatments, muscle metabolism, sex and exercise will be of importance in future studies.